In clean ocean water, the performance of a underwater optical communication system is limited mainly by oceanic turbulence, which is defined as the fluctuations in the index of refraction resulting from temperature and salinity fluctuations. In this paper, using the refractive index spectrum of oceanic turbulence under weak turbulence conditions, we carry out, for a horizontally propagating plane wave and spherical wave, analysis of the aperture-averaged scintillation index, the associated probability of fade, mean signal-to-noise ratio, and mean bit error rate. Our theoretical results show that for various values of the rate of dissipation of mean squared temperature and the temperature-salinity balance parameter, the large-aperture receiver leads to a remarkable decrease of scintillation and consequently a significant improvement on the system performance. Such an effect is more noticeable in the plane wave case than in the spherical wave case.

Underwater optical communication performance for laser beam propagation through weak oceanic turbulence.

The recent launch of the Micius quantum-enabled satellite heralds a major step forward for long-range quantum communication. Using single-photon discrete-variable quantum states, this exciting new development proves beyond any doubt that all of the quantum protocols previously deployed over limited ranges in terrestrial experiments can in fact be translated to global distances via the use of low-orbit satellites. In this paper we survey the imminent extension of space-based quantum communication to the continuous-variable regime—the quantum regime perhaps most closely related to classical wireless communications. The continuous variable regime offers the potential for increased communication performance, and represents the next major step forward for quantum communications and the development of the global quantum Internet.

/pdf/satellite-based-continuous-variable-quantum-communications-4f4pppdpeh.pdf

Satellite-Based Continuous-Variable Quantum Communications: State-of-the-Art and a Predictive Outlook

A contemporary survey on free space optical communication: Potentials, technical challenges, recent advances and research direction

Diffraction is a phenomenon related to the wave nature of light and arises when a propagating wave comes across an obstacle. Consequently, the wave can be transformed in amplitude or phase and diffraction occurs. Those parts of the wavefront avoiding an obstacle form a diffraction pattern after interfering with each other. In this review paper, we have discussed the topic of non-diffractive beams, explicitly Bessel beams. Such beams provide some resistance to diffraction and hence are hypothetically a phenomenal alternate to Gaussian beams in several circumstances. Several outstanding applications are coined to Bessel beams and have been employed in commercial applications. We have discussed several hot applications based on these magnificent beams such as optical trapping, material processing, free-space long-distance self-healing beams, optical coherence tomography, superresolution, sharp focusing, polarization transformation, increased depth of focus, birefringence detection based on astigmatic transformed BB and encryption in optical communication. According to our knowledge, each topic presented in this review is justifiably explained.

Bessel Beam: Significance and Applications-A Progressive Review.

Free Space Optical communication (FSO) is a wireless communication technology which uses light to transmit the data in free space. FSO has advantages like unlicensed spectrum and higher bandwidth. In this paper FSO system merits and demerits, challenges in FSO, and various channel models are discussed. To mitigate the turbulence in FSO the mitigation techniques like relaying, diversity schemes and adopting different modulation techniques used in different channels are discussed and its performance comparison is given.

A review on channel models in free space optical communication systems

In this paper, we present analytical expressions for the performance of urban free-space optical (FSO) communication systems under the combined influence of atmospheric turbulence- and misalignment-induced fading (pointing errors). The atmospheric turbulence channel is modeled by the exponentiated Weibull (EW) distribution that can accurately describe the probability density function (PDF) of the irradiance fluctuations associated with a transmitted Gaussian-beam wave and a finite-sized receiving aperture. The nonzero boresight pointing error PDF model, which is recently proposed for considering the effects of both boresight and jitter, is adopted in analysis. We derive a novel expression for the composite PDF in terms of a convergent double series involving a Meijer’s G-function. Based on the statistical results mentioned above, exact expressions for the average bit error rate of on-off keying modulation scheme and the outage probability are developed. To provide more insight, we also perform an asymptotic error rate analysis at high average signal-to-noise ratio. Our analytical results indicate that the diversity gain for the zero boresight case is determined only by the ratio between the equivalent beamwidth at the receiver and the jitter standard deviation, while for the nonzero boresight case, the diversity gain is related to the ratio of the equivalent beamwidth to the jitter variance as well as the parameter of the EW distribution.

Free-space communications over exponentiated Weibull turbulence channels with nonzero boresight pointing errors.

A computationally efficient expression is presented for evaluating the average bit error rate (BER) of an intensity-modulation and direct-detection free-space optical system with on-off keying signaling technique operating in turbulent atmosphere described by the exponentiated Weibull distribution. The presented numerical results show the effects of aperture averaging on the average BER under weak and moderate turbulence conditions, and are confirmed by Monte Carlo simulations.

Average BER of free-space optical systems in turbulent atmosphere with exponentiated Weibull distribution

Recent simulations and experiments have shown that the viscous-range temperature spectrum in water can be well described by the Kraichnan spectral model. Motivated by this, a tractable expression is developed for the underwater temperature spectrum that is consistent with both the Obukhov-Corrsin law in the inertial range and the Kraichnan model in the viscous range. In analogy with the temperature spectrum, the formula for the salinity spectrum and the temperature-salinity co-spectrum are also derived. The linear combination of these three scalar spectra constitutes a new form of the refractivity spectrum. This spectral model predicts a much stronger optical scintillation than the previous model.

Power spectrum of refractive-index fluctuations in turbulent ocean and its effect on optical scintillation

Vortex beam carrying angular momentum (OAM) will be disturbed by the random fluctuation of the refraction index of turbulent atmosphere, resulting in intermodal crosstalk among the different OAM modes. Recent advances have demonstrated that the employment of the abruptly autofocusing vortex beams can potentially mitigate the crosstalk effect. In this paper, a new type of abruptly autofocusing vortex beams, called Airy Gaussian vortex beam array (AGVBA) is proposed. By means of multi-plane wave optics simulation, the degradation of signal mode for AGVBA propagating through isotropic atmospheric turbulence is studied. In a comparison with the conventional abruptly autofocusing vortex beams, such as the ring Airy vortex beam (RAVB) and the Airy vortex beam array (AVBA), it is shown that AGVBA achieves more centralized intensity as well as a larger spot at the focal plane, thus can effectively balance the beam spreading and beam wander effect, resulting in mitigation of intermodal crosstalk.

Effect of Airy Gaussian vortex beam array on reducing intermode crosstalk induced by atmospheric turbulence.

MIMO FSO communication using subcarrier intensity modulation over double generalized gamma fading

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