Aberrant mucus secretion is a hallmark of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Expression of the membrane-tethered mucins 3A and 3B (MUC3A, MUC3B) in human lung is largely unknown. In this observational cross-sectional study, we recruited subjects 45-65 years old from the general population of Stockholm, Sweden, during the years 2007-2011. Bronchial mucosal biopsies, bronchial brushings, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were retrieved from COPD patients (n = 38), healthy never-smokers (n = 40), and smokers with normal lung function (n = 40). Protein expression of MUC3A and MUC3B in bronchial mucosal biopsies was assessed by immunohistochemical staining. In a subgroup of subjects (n = 28), MUC3A and MUC3B mRNAs were quantified in bronchial brushings using microarray. Non-parametric tests were used to perform correlation and group comparison analyses. A value of p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. MUC3A and MUC3B immunohistochemical expression was localized to ciliated cells. MUC3B was also expressed in basal cells. MUC3A and MUC3B immunohistochemical expression was equal in all study groups but subjects with emphysema had higher MUC3A expression, compared to those without emphysema. Smokers had higher mRNA levels of MUC3A and MUC3B than non-smokers. MUC3A and MUC3B mRNA were higher in male subjects and correlated negatively with expiratory air flows. MUC3B mRNA correlated positively with total cell concentration and macrophage percentage, and negatively with CD4/CD8 T cell ratio in BALF. We concluded that MUC3A and MUC3B in large airways may be a marker of disease or may play a role in the pathophysiology of airway obstruction.

Mucins 3A and 3B Are Expressed in the Epithelium of Human Large Airway.

In the pursuit of conserving non-renewable fuel and energy resources and mitigating harmful emissions into the atmosphere, thermal insulation is commonly employed in practice for heated elements, including but not limited to building exteriors, boilers and furnaces, thermal power equipment, pipelines, and the like. The primary characteristic of any insulation material lies in its thermal conductivity, particularly under operational conditions. The research object is liquid nano-ceramic thermal insulation located on the surface of a round-section pipeline with a circulating heat carrier. The research subject is the thermal conductivity properties of the insulation material under operational conditions. The research aim is to determine the thermal conductivity coefficient of liquid nano-ceramic thermal insulation coating on the surface of the pipeline. The research method involves the laws of steady-state heat conduction and heat transfer for a two-layer cylindrical wall. Research findings indicate that for a steel pipeline measuring 76×3 mm with insulation thickness of 3.5 mm, the thermal conductivity coefficient of the liquid nano-ceramic thermal insulation material amounted to 0.0145 W/(m⋅K). Disregarding the radiative component, the thermal conductivity coefficient equals 0.0135 W/(m⋅K). Conclusions drawn suggest that the obtained value of the operational thermal conductivity coefficient of the liquid nano-ceramic thermal insulation material aligns with the manufacturer's claimed material thermal conductivity of 0.014 W/(m⋅K) and with the findings of other researchers. Minor discrepancies in magnitudes may be attributed to the extended period of insulation usage on the pipeline surface, which at the time of the conducted scientific investigations was approximately 1.5 years. 

Determination of Thermal Conductivity of Nano-ceramic Thermal Insulation Coating on the Surface of a Heat Pipe

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a monogenic syndrome caused by variants in the CF Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) gene, affecting various organ and systems, in particular the lung, pancreas, sweat glands, liver, gastrointestinal tract, vas deferens, and vascular system. While for some organs, e.g., the pancreas, a strict genotype-phenotype occurs, others, such as the lung, display a different pathophysiologic outcome in the presence of the same mutational asset, arguing for genetic and environmental modifiers influencing severity and clinical trajectory. CFTR variants trigger a pathophysiological cascade of events responsible for chronic inflammatory responses, many aspects of which, especially related to immunity, are not ascertained yet. Although clock genes expression and function are known modulators of the innate and adaptive immunity, their involvement in CF has been only observed in relation to sleep abnormalities. The aim of this review is to present current evidence on the clock genes role in immune-inflammatory responses at the lung level. While information on this topic is known in other chronic airway diseases (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma), CF lung disease (CFLD) is lacking in this knowledge. We will present the bidirectional effect between clock genes and inflammatory factors that could possibly be implicated in the CFLD. It must be stressed that besides sleep disturbance and its mechanisms, there are not studies directly addressing the exact nature of clock genes’ involvement in inflammation and immunity in CF, pointing out the directions of new and deepened studies in this monogenic affection. Importantly, clock genes have been found to be druggable by means of genetic tools or pharmacological agents, and this could have therapeutic implications in CFLD.

A New Frontier in Cystic Fibrosis Pathophysiology: How and When Clock Genes Can Affect the Inflammatory/Immune Response in a Genetic Disease Model

The immune system exists in perpetual co‐evolution with pathogens, and microbial pathogenesis is inexorably linked to the cyclical interactions between the pathogen and the host. Because pathogens exploit the immune system in unique ways, the antimicrobial efficacy of any given immune process varies between pathogens, and the consequences of activation or inhibition of antimicrobial programs must be interpreted in the context of the given pathogen. An increasing body of literature shows that numerous facets of the immune system are tightly regulated by the circadian clock, with multiple immune processes demonstrating increased activity during certain times of the day. However, the field of circadian immunology has generally given its attention to unraveling the mechanism of circadian regulation and comparatively little attention to how these circadian oscillations may influence the ultimate outcome of diseases. Therefore, this review aims to interpret these findings in the context of a select number of clinically relevant pathogens: Salmonella enterica , Listeria monocytogenes , and Streptococcus pneumoniae . In this way, we hope to discuss the complex factors that determine how the circadian clock regulates disease progression. 

By dawn or dusk—how circadian timing rewrites bacterial infection outcomes

Review: Enhancing dielectric polymer performance via inorganic fillers

This article proposes the regularity of the possible corona sites in space on the large generator stator winding and the spatial decomposition method for the UV image of surface partial discharge and corona.

Spatial Decomposition Method for UV Image of Corona on a Large Generator Stator Winding

BMAL1 regulates MUC1 overexpression in ovalbumin-induced asthma.

Improved thermal conductivity of anticorona insulation paint for high-voltage motor application

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Spatial Decomposition Method for UV Image of Corona on a Large Generator Stator Winding

BMAL1 regulates MUC1 overexpression in ovalbumin-induced asthma.

Improved thermal conductivity of anticorona insulation paint for high-voltage motor application