This research addresses a critical gap in the literature by establishing a direct correlation between particle pollution from fine particulates (PM2.5) and women’s political participation. It offers a nuanced understanding of gender dynamics in governance and their impact on environmental outcomes. Focusing on 27 European Union (EU) countries from 2013 to 2021, econometric techniques unveil common trends, underscoring cross-sectional dependence. This study reveals distinct gender behaviors in combating pollution, with women in parliaments and regional assemblies notably contributing to pollutant reduction. However, the negative impact of women’s engagement in politics on PM2.5 intensifies the lower part of the representation hierarchy. Policymakers are urged to create conditions fostering women’s political participation, advocating for gender quotas to address underrepresentation. The research emphasizes the interconnectedness of gender, politics, and environmental issues, urging heightened awareness among policymakers. Limitations include a confined scope and duration, requiring cross-validation beyond the EU. Future research pathways involve exploring the intricate connections between gender, politics, and environmental initiatives, seeking thresholds for impactful women’s representation. In contributing to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), this study aligns with SDG 5 (gender equality), SDG 3 (good health and well-being), SDG 7 (affordable and clean energy), SDG 11 (sustainable cities and communities), SDG 16 (peace, justice, and strong institutions), and SDG 17 (partnerships for the goals).

Environmental Governance and Gender Inclusivity: Analyzing the Interplay of PM2.5 and Women’s Representation in Political Leadership in the European Union

Abstract Continuous and sustainable growth has become a daily norm, putting increasing pressure on organizations to adopt green practices to achieve sustainable competitive advantages. Therefore, this research aimed to analyze the structural relationship between GHRM and GTL on EBs and GIP with the mediating role of EK. The research method was developmental-applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-correlational in terms of research design, using a structural equation modeling approach. The statistical population consisted of all primary school teachers in Urmia city, Iran (Urmia city districts one and two) during the academic year 2022–2023. A one-stage cluster sampling method was used, and the sample size was determined to be 338 individuals using Morgan's table. Standard questionnaires were used to collect the required data, including the questionnaire by Zid et al. (2018) for GHRM, Zhang &amp; Wang (2020) for GTL, Roberson, and Carleton (2018) for EBs, Chen et al. (2013) for GIP, and Me et al. (2012) for EK. Content validity of the research was ensured through the opinions of educational science professors, and the reliability of the questionnaires was confirmed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient, which yielded values of 0.90, 0.77, 0.79, 0.82, and 0.70, respectively. The data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient, structural equation modeling, and confirmatory factor analysis with SPSS 28 and Smart PLS 3 software. The results of the research indicated a significant positive direct relationship between GHRM and GIP. There was a positive direct relationship between GTL and GIP. A positive direct relationship was found between GTL and EBs. However, there was no significant relationship between GHRM and EBs. There was an indirect non-significant relationship between GHRM and EBs with the mediating role of EK. There was no indirect relationship between GTL and GIP with the mediating role of EK. There was no indirect relationship between GTL and EBs with the mediating role of EK. 

Structural analysis of Green Human Resource Management and Green Transformational Leadership on Environmental Behaviors and Green Innovation Performance with the Mediating Role of Environmental Knowledge

With the development of society, the chemical industry is expanding, and the hazy weather everywhere is becoming increasingly frequent, already affecting people’s lives and causing them to pay more attention to environmental issues. Therefore, this paper highlights the role of women in environmental protection by studying the coordination of environmental protection and female discrimination based on the concept of affirmative action. Through this study and a survey, we found that China has not yet realized that women’s participation in environmental protection plays a key role in improving the quality of our environment and the development of ecological civilization. However, we should clearly understand that environmental issues are not only personal, they are related to the survival and development of a country, and as a member of that country, both women and men should have the right and obligation to protect the environment. Therefore, this article discusses the concept and meaning of affirmative action and gender discrimination in the context of research on these concepts, discussing the problems and phenomena that women encounter in environmental protection. These include the system of women’s environmental protection, gender issues for women in society, and the unequal treatment from the Government based on some studies. Through the study and analysis of the system of women’s environmental protection, the role and position of women in this regard is summarized. Finally, it is suggested that, for the construction and development of ecological civilization in China, it is necessary to fully integrate ecological civilization into all aspects of society and pay attention to environmental protection issues. Therefore, we should pay attention to the role of women in environmental protection, provide corresponding policies, and actively encourage women to partake in environmental protection in order to build an environmentally friendly and resource-saving society together.

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The Coordination of Environmental Protection and Female Discrimination Based on the Concept of Affirmative Action

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The Coordination of Environmental Protection and Female Discrimination Based on the Concept of Affirmative Action