Novel dual-template molecularly imprinted polymers (dt-MIPs) were prepared by simple and facile precipitation polymerization using norfloxacin (NOR) and enrofloxacin (ENR) as templates for simultaneous selective recognition and extraction of the two fluoroquinolones (FQs). The as-prepared dt-MIPs exhibited high adsorption capacity and excellent selectivity towards NOR and ENR. Several main parameters affecting the efficiency of dt-MIP based dispersive solid-phase extraction (DSPE) were systematically investigated, coupled with high performance liquid chromatography determination. Consequently, high enrichment factors of 71 and 61 were obtained for NOR and ENR respectively, and good linearity in the range of 1–200 μg L−1 was observed, with correlation coefficients (r) above 0.9977. The limits of detection and quantification for NOR were 0.22 and 0.67 μg L−1, respectively, and 0.36 and 0.98 μg L−1 for ENR. Satisfactory recoveries of the two FQs from spiked lake, sea and tap water samples at three concentration levels were attained in the range of 80.9–101.0% with relative standard deviations of 0.9–6.9%. The present study not only has great potential for applications in FQ determination, but will also enrich research into dual/multi-template imprinting.

Dual-template molecularly imprinted polymers for dispersive solid-phase extraction of fluoroquinolones in water samples coupled with high performance liquid chromatography

Electrospinning fabrication of covalent organic framework composite nanofibers for pipette tip solid phase extraction of tetracycline antibiotics in grass carp and duck

Magnetic graphene dispersive solid phase extraction combining high performance liquid chromatography for determination of fluoroquinolones in foods.

The presence of antibiotic residues in foodstuff has been of growing concern in recent years. They are associated with several adverse effects on human health such as the transmission of antibiotic-resistant pathogenic bacteria through the contaminated food, weakness of the immune system, allergic or toxic reactions and imbalance of the gut microbiota. Therefore, monitoring of the levels of antibiotic residues in animal-derived food is necessary to guarantee the safety of food products as well as the public health. Since the residual antibiotics in the foodstuff are in trace levels which are often lower than the limits of detection of analytical instruments, the sample preparation before the analysis is very important. This step is an essential part of an analytical process, especially for the extraction of chemical residues from a sample, preconcentration of the extract and elimination of any matrix interferences that may affect the selectivity, sensitivity and the overall performance of the analytical methods. Solid-phase extraction (SPE) is one of the most widely used techniques for the sample preparation that provides an efficient and reproducible method for selective concentration of target analytes in complex matrices. The objective of this research was to provide an updated overview of the recent trends in SPE techniques over the past five years. Different variations of this method, including solid-phase microextraction, stir bar sorptive extraction, matrix solid-phase dispersion, micro-solid-phase extraction, dispersive micro solid-phase extraction, magnetic solid-phase extraction, and molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction are also given in the present study. The review is focused on recent developments and innovations in the SPE which tries to improve the efficiency, safety and performance of sample preparation.

Current trends in sample preparation by solid-phase extraction techniques for the determination of antibiotic residues in foodstuffs: a review.

An automated magnetic dispersive micro-solid phase extraction in a fluidized reactor for the determination of fluoroquinolones in baby food samples.

A graphene-based solid-phase extraction (SPE) column was prepared for the isolation of tetracyclines from milk followed by determination by high-performance liquid chromatography. Graphene provided better separation for tetracyclines than amine-modified graphene and carboxyl-modified graphene. The optimized graphene-based SPE column showed high absorption capacities (greater than 4,660 ng) and high recoveries (exceeding 92%) for tetracycline, oxytetracycline, chlortetracycline, and doxycycline and was successfully reused at least fifty times. The limits of detection in milk were from 10 to 20 ng/mL, with recoveries between 82.3 and 103.6%. Furthermore, the system showed superior performance than two commercial SPE cartridges with respect to recovery, purification, and reusability. Therefore, this approach is suitable for the determination of tetracyclines in milk.

Determination of Tetracyclines in Milk by Graphene-Based Solid-Phase Extraction and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography

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Magnetic graphene dispersive solid phase extraction combining high performance liquid chromatography for determination of fluoroquinolones in foods.

Determination of Tetracyclines in Milk by Graphene-Based Solid-Phase Extraction and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography