Before establishing a communication link in a cellular network, the user terminal must activate a synchronization procedure called initial cell search in order to acquire specific information about the serving base station. To accomplish this task, the primary synchronization signal (PSS) and secondary synchronization signal (SSS) are periodically transmitted in the downlink of a Long Term Evolution (LTE) network. 
Since SSS detection can be performed only after successful identification of the primary signal, in this work we present a robust scheme for joint PSS detection, sector index identification and integer frequency offset (IFO) recovery in an LTE system. The proposed algorithm relies on the maximum likelihood (ML) estimation criterion and exploits a suitable reduced-rank representation of the channel frequency response to take multipath distortions into account. We show that some PSS detection methods that were originally introduced through heuristic reasoning can be derived from our ML framework by selecting an appropriate model for the channel gains over the PSS subcarriers. 
Numerical simulations indicate that the proposed scheme can be effectively applied in the presence of severe multipath propagation, where existing alternatives provide unsatisfactory performance.

A Robust Scheme for PSS Detection and Integer Frequency Offset Recovery in LTE Systems.

In this paper, an algorithm for timing synchronization, cell identity detection, and carrier frequency offset (CFO) estimation is presented for long-term evolution (LTE) systems. The proposed algorithm is robust against partial-band interference and/or jamming. It utilizes adaptive filtering to suppress the contribution of the jamming signal to the timing detection metric without using any a priori knowledge of the jamming signal characteristics. The timing detection metric is computed by minimizing the output of the adaptive filter corresponding to any received signal that does not match the signature of the LTE primary synchronization signals (PSS). The filter coefficients are updated iteratively using the recursive least squares algorithm. The frequency response of the adaptive filter at the PSS detection instant is used to weight the contribution of different subcarriers to the metrics used in cell identity detection and CFO estimation. Simulation results are presented showing the ability of the proposed algorithm to complete the synchronization process successfully even in the presence of partial-band jamming signals that cover one third of the frequency band of the LTE synchronization signals.

LTE for Public Safety Networks: Synchronization in the Presence of Jamming

In this paper we examine the performance of traditional and non-traditional time-frequency synchronization workflows for LTE FDD downlink. The effectiveness of each synchronization workflow is evaluated using a software defined radio (SDR) platform in an indoor environment under varying carrier frequency offsets (CFO) and received power conditions. We reveal traditional workflows are highly suitable for environments with minimal CFO and non-traditional workflows, exploiting the conjugate symmetric nature of the secondary synchronization signal (SSS), are suitable in high CFO environments. In addition, we propose a metric for LTE subframe timing that jointly estimates the position of the primary synchronization signal (PSS) and the PSS root index. Unlike many methods for detecting the PSS, the metric proposed is theoretically invariant to CFO at medium to high SNR ranges.

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/7008634/7021039/07021088.pdf

Downlink LTE synchronization: A software defined radio approach

This article presents a synchronization method for the LTE system to determine time offset (TO) and fractional carrier frequency offset (FCFO) in multipath fading channels. With coarse and fine detection steps, the proposed TO estimation method exhibits better mean-squareerror performance and at least 80% lower computational complexity than conventional methods. The proposed method can detect the channel length and uses the undistorted cyclic prefix region to detect FCFO. Results show that the proposed FCFO detection method performs better than conventional methods.

Synchronization for LTE-A System Downlink: A Proposed Novel Method Used at LTE Wireless Communications

In this paper, a novel adaptive physical-layer identity detection algorithm for LTE systems is presented. The proposed algorithm can estimate the location of the primary synchronization signal (PSS) and detect the physical-layer identity in the presence of jamming or interference. Multiple parallel adaptive filters are used to suppress the jamming signal without using any a priori information about its characteristics. Each filter is designed using the linearly constrained minimum variance (LCMV) criterion to minimize the output corresponding to any received signal that does not match the signature of the PSS. The frequency response of the adaptive filters at the PSS timing detection instant is used to suppress the interference/jamming signal during physical-layer identity estimation. Simulation results are presented to illustrate the superior performance of the proposed algorithm compared to earlier non- adaptive PSS detection algorithms.

LTE Physical-Layer Identity Detection in the Presence of Jamming

For the Long Term Evolution (LTE) system in 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), the calculation of synchronization signal detection algorithm is very complex. According to the properties of the primary synchronization signal (PSS) and the secondary synchronization signal (SSS), a modified algorithm is proposed in this paper, which processes correlation of the received samples only once with sum of local PSS sequences to obtain the position of PSS and detects the position of SSS previously to reduce the times of SSS detection. The theoretical derivation and complexity of both conventional and modified algorithms are derived and compared. It comes to the conclusion that the modified algorithm can reduce at least 60% calculation. Finally through simulation, the algorithm has excellent performance in high mobility channel model Spatial Channel Model Extended (SCME).

A modified algorithm of synchronization signal detection for LTE initial cell search

Reliability of wireless communication can be improved by utilizing various diversity schemes, which are seriously desired by the heavy haul railway transportation systems. The transmission of control message is a significantly vital issue and suffers from severe channel fading and interferences, which may result in failures of locomotive control. This paper proposes a novel hybrid cooperative scheme to increase the diversity gain of wireless transmission, which can guarantee higher degree of coordination among multiple locomotives. With multiple independent transmission paths, the outage probability falls down exponentially with Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR). Simulation results illustrate the significant performance gain.

A wireless hybrid diversity strategy for heavy haul railway transportation system

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A modified algorithm of synchronization signal detection for LTE initial cell search

A wireless hybrid diversity strategy for heavy haul railway transportation system