Cell membrane-derived vesicles for delivery of therapeutic agents

Red blood cells (RBCs) and RBC membrane-derived nanoparticles have been historically developed as bioinspired drug delivery systems to combat the issues of premature clearance, toxicity, and immunogenicity of synthetic nanocarriers. RBC-based delivery systems possess characteristics including biocompatibility, biodegradability, and long circulation time, which make them suited for systemic administration. Therefore, they have been employed in designing optimal drug formulations in various preclinical models and clinical trials to treat a wide range of diseases. In this review, we provide an overview of the biology, synthesis, and characterization of drug delivery systems based on RBCs and their membrane including whole RBCs, RBC membrane-camouflaged nanoparticles, RBC-derived extracellular vesicles, and RBC hitchhiking. We also highlight conventional and latest engineering strategies, along with various therapeutic modalities, for enhanced precision and effectiveness of drug delivery. Additionally, we focus on the current state of RBC-based therapeutic applications and their clinical translation as drug carriers, as well as discussing opportunities and challenges associated with these systems.

Advances in Drug Delivery Systems Based on Red Blood Cells and Their Membrane-Derived Nanoparticles.

Rescuing ischemic stroke by biomimetic nanovesicles through accelerated thrombolysis and sequential ischemia-reperfusion protection

Advances on erythrocyte-mimicking nanovehicles to overcome barriers in biological microenvironments

Advanced drug delivery system against ischemic stroke.

In the context of current energy and environmental crises, dry reforming of methane (DRM) is an important reaction. While non-noble metal catalysts are highly promising for real-world DRM applications, they often suffer from deactivation due to sintering and carbon deposition. In this study, ultrafine bimetallic NiCo nanoparticles encapsulated in silicalite-2 (S-2) were prepared via an in situ growth method. Density functional theory in combination with microkinetic modeling was used to understand the influence of the alloy on reaction kinetics and the resistance to carbon deposition. Elemental segregation was observed during the activation stage, wherein the Ni and Co atoms migrated toward the outer surface and center of the NiCo alloy, respectively. Subsequently, the Ni0.2Co0.3@S-2 catalyst prepared using the optimized Ni/Co ratio showed stable and high CH4 and CO2 conversions for 100 h with no carbon deposition. The confinement effect together with precisely balancing the carbon and oxygen content on the surface of the catalyst contributed to its high catalyst performance. This work is expected to provide relevant guidance for studying the evolution of catalyst structures via material dynamics elucidation. 

Investigation of Atom-Level Reaction Kinetics of Carbon-Resistant Bimetallic NiCo-Reforming Catalysts: Combining Microkinetic Modeling and Density Functional Theory

We report the construction of blood cell membrane cloaked mesoporous silica nanoparticles for delivery of nanoparticles [fullerenols (Fols)] with fibrinolysis activity which endows the active Fol with successful thrombolysis effect in vivo. In vitro, Fols present excellent fibrinolysis activity, and the Fol with the best fibrinolysis activity is screened based on the correlation between Fols' structure and their fibrinolysis activity. However, the thrombolytic effect in vivo is not satisfactory. To rectify the unsatisfactory situation and avoid the exogenous stimuli, a natural blood cell membrane cloaking strategy with loading the active Fol is chosen to explore as a novel thrombolysis drug. After cloaking, the therapeutic platform prolongs blood circulation time and enhances the targeting effect. Interestingly, compared with platelet membrane cloaking, red blood cell (RBC) membrane cloaking demonstrates stronger affinity with fibrin and more enrichment at the thrombus site. The Fol with RBC cloaking shows quick and efficient thrombolysis efficacy in vivo with less bleeding risk, more excellent blood compatibility, and better biosafety when compared with the clinical drug urokinase (UK). These findings not only validate the blood cell membrane cloaking strategy as an effective platform for Fol delivery on thrombolysis treatment, but also hold a great promising solution for other active nanoparticle deliveries in vivo.

Intrinsic Biotaxi Solution Based on Blood Cell Membrane Cloaking Enables Fullerenol Thrombolysis In Vivo.

Photocatalytic oxygen reduction reaction over copper-indium-sulfide modified polymeric carbon nitride S-scheme heterojunction photocatalyst

Tuning strong metal-support interactions to boost activity and stability of aluminium nitride supported nickel catalysts for dry reforming of methane

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Investigation of Atom-Level Reaction Kinetics of Carbon-Resistant Bimetallic NiCo-Reforming Catalysts: Combining Microkinetic Modeling and Density Functional Theory

Intrinsic Biotaxi Solution Based on Blood Cell Membrane Cloaking Enables Fullerenol Thrombolysis In Vivo.

Photocatalytic oxygen reduction reaction over copper-indium-sulfide modified polymeric carbon nitride S-scheme heterojunction photocatalyst

Tuning strong metal-support interactions to boost activity and stability of aluminium nitride supported nickel catalysts for dry reforming of methane