This paper presents a feasibility study using a commercially available ring stack actuator to develop a four way-two position (4/2) high frequency switching digital hydraulic valve. The excellent characteristics of multilayer piezoelectric actuators, such as a simple design, reduced moving parts, high reliability, and fast response, make them ideal for constructing this type of digital hydraulic valve. High frequency switching digital hydraulic valves (HFSVs), indeed, must be able to switch from fully open to fully closed positions in less than 5 ms, while maintaining minimal pressure losses and delivering large flows. The proposed valve architecture is assessed using well-established equations implemented in a Simulink model, allowing the hydraulic, mechanical, and electrical parts of the valve to be accurately simulated. The paper first provides a detailed description of the numerical model. Next, the hysteresis model of the ring stack actuator is validated against the data provided by the manufacturers on their website. Finally, the numerical results obtained with both open-loop and closed-loop control systems are presented. The simulations show that at a switching frequency of 200 Hz with maximum amplitude and duty cycle of the input pulse digital signal, the valve exhibits high average flow rates (~60 L/min), low average power consumption (~1500 W), and maintains a pressure drop of only 15 bar. Moreover, the simulations reveal that the control system is very effective since the valve switching time is within 1 ms. 

Comprehensive Numerical Analysis of a Four-Way Two-Position (4/2) High-Frequency Switching Digital Hydraulic Valve Driven by a Ring Stack Actuator

In this paper, an orthogonal and stereoscopic amplifying mechanism (OSAM) is proposed, which can be applied to two degree-of-freedom parallel piezoelectric inchworm actuators, breaking away from the conventional thinking of designing driving mechanism for inchworm actuator within a single plane. OSAM, a stereoscopic driving mechanism, achieves displacement in the X and Y directions across two orthogonal planes using a single piezoelectric ceramic (PZT). Theoretically, it eliminates parasitic displacement beyond the desired output direction, effectively resolving the problem of coupling error associated with parallel inchworm drives. Hence, utilizing OSAM as the driving mechanism, inchworm actuators offer the advantages of nonparasitic motion, simple motion principle, and compact structure. Results show that under an input force of 100 N, OSAM achieves the output displacement of 159.21 µm in the X direction and 193.72 µm in the Y direction. The magnification ratio for the X and Y directions is 6.126 and 7.454, respectively. And the simulation results show that the structure has high resonant frequency and can satisfy the high frequency motion demand of piezoelectric actuator.

An Orthogonal and Stereoscopic Amplifying Mechanism with Nonparasitic Displacement for Parallel Piezoelectric Inchworm Actuators

The positioning precision of piezoelectric actuator is closely related to the modeling of hysteresis nonlinearity and the parameter identification. In order to accurately characterize the hysteresis nonlinearity, an innovative scheme based on a modified gorilla troops optimizer identified by a neuro-enhanced Duhem model is proposed. The main contribution of this work lies in that a neuro-enhanced Duhem model combining a Duhem model with a layer recurrent neural network is established and also in that, to overcome the defects of traditional gorilla troops optimizer including slow convergence speed, low identification accuracy, ease to fall into local optima, the gorilla troops optimizer is modified to enhance its identification ability by introducing a series of new mechanisms. A new adaptive mechanism is designed to balance the exploration and exploitation; a Gaussian-Cauchy-t distribution hybrid strategy is proposed to generate new individuals; a Levy flight enhanced exploitation strategy is integrated to increase the diversity of the population; and a greedy retention strategy is employed to improve the convergence speed. The parameter sensitivity, rate-dependent modeling capability, identification results, robustness of the algorithm are rigorously evaluated through a series of experiments. The results reveal that, the rate-dependent and asymmetric hysteresis of piezoelectric systems can be accurately characterized by the neuro-enhanced Duhem model, and that the modified gorilla troops optimizer algorithm can find the model parameters with high accuracy, fast speed and high repeatability. 

A Neuro-Enhanced Duhem Model and Parameter Identification Using a Modified Gorilla Troops Optimizer for Generic Piezoelectric Hysteresis Response

Separable synchronous auxiliary model hybrid predictive gradient identification for nonlinear models based on the data preprocessing

Piezoelectric actuators are characterized by high positioning accuracy, high stiffness and a fast response and are widely used in ultra-precision machining technologies such as fast tool servo technology and ultrasonic machining. The rapid response characteristics of piezoelectric actuators often determine the overall quality of machining. However, there has been little research on the fast response characteristics of piezoelectric actuators, and this knowledge gap will lead to low precision and poor quality of the final machining. The fast response characteristics of a piezoelectric actuator were studied in this work. Firstly, the piezoelectric actuator was divided into a no-load state and a load state according to the working state. A fast response analysis and output characteristic analysis were carried out, the corresponding dynamic model was established, and then the model was simulated. Finally, an experimental system was established to verify the dynamic model of the piezoelectric actuator’s fast response by conducting an experiment in which the piezoelectric actuator bounces a steel ball. The experimental results verify the correctness of the model and show that the greater the cross-sectional area and height of the piezoelectric actuator, the higher the bouncing height of the ball, and the better the dynamic performance of the piezoelectric actuator. It is believed that this study has guiding significance for the application of the dynamic characteristics of piezoelectric actuators in the machining field.

/pdf/modeling-of-rapid-response-characteristics-of-piezoelectric-2892gbks.pdf

Modeling of Rapid Response Characteristics of Piezoelectric Actuators for Ultra-Precision Machining

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Modeling of Rapid Response Characteristics of Piezoelectric Actuators for Ultra-Precision Machining