The growth of the global population coupled with a decline in natural resources, farmland, and the increase in unpredictable environmental conditions leads to food security is becoming a major concern for all nations worldwide. These problems are motivators that are driving the agricultural industry to transition to smart agriculture with the application of the Internet of Things (IoT) and big data solutions to improve operational efficiency and productivity. The IoT integrates a series of existing state-of-the-art solutions and technologies, such as wireless sensor networks, cognitive radio ad hoc networks, cloud computing, big data, and end-user applications. This study presents a survey of IoT solutions and demonstrates how IoT can be integrated into the smart agriculture sector. To achieve this objective, we discuss the vision of IoT-enabled smart agriculture ecosystems by evaluating their architecture (IoT devices, communication technologies, big data storage, and processing), their applications, and research timeline. In addition, we discuss trends and opportunities of IoT applications for smart agriculture and also indicate the open issues and challenges of IoT application in smart agriculture. We hope that the findings of this study will constitute important guidelines in research and promotion of IoT solutions aiming to improve the productivity and quality of the agriculture sector as well as facilitating the transition towards a future sustainable environment with an agroecological approach. 

IoT-Enabled Smart Agriculture: Architecture, Applications, and Challenges

The overwhelming acceptance and growing need for Internet of Things (IoT) products in each aspect of everyday living is creating a promising prospect for the involvement of humans, data, and procedures. The vast areas create opportunities from home to industry to make an automated lifecycle. Human life is involved in enormous applications such as intelligent transportation, intelligent healthcare, smart grid, smart city, etc. A thriving surface is created that can affect society, the economy, the environment, politics, and health through diverse security threats. Generally, IoT devices are susceptible to security breaches, and the development of industrial systems could pose devastating security vulnerabilities. To build a reliable security shield, the challenges encountered must be embraced. Therefore, this survey paper is primarily aimed to assist researchers by classifying attacks/vulnerabilities based on objects. The method of attacks and relevant countermeasures are provided for each kind of attack in this work. Case studies of the most important applications of the IoT are highlighted concerning security solutions. The survey of security solutions is not limited to traditional secret key-based cryptographic solutions, moreover physical unclonable functions (PUF)-based solutions and blockchain are illustrated. The pros and cons of each security solution are also discussed here. Furthermore, challenges and recommendations are presented in this work.

/pdf/internet-of-things-security-and-solutions-survey-1vqwx6w9.pdf

Internet of Things: Security and Solutions Survey

The Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm plays a vital role for improving smart city applications by tracking and managing city processes in real-time. One of the most significant issues associated with smart city applications is solid waste management, which has a negative impact on our society’s health and the environment. The traditional waste management process begins with waste created by city residents and disposed of in garbage bins at the source. Municipal department trucks collect garbage and move it to recycling centers on a fixed schedule. Municipalities and waste management companies fail to keep up with outdoor containers, making it impossible to determine when to clean them or when they are full. This work proposes an IoT-enabled solid waste management system for smart cities to overcome the limitations of the traditional waste management systems. The proposed architecture consists of two types of end sensor nodes: PBLMU (Public Bin Level Monitoring Unit) and HBLMU (Home Bin Level Monitoring Unit), which are used to track bins in public and residential areas, respectively. The PBLMUs and HBLMUs measure the unfilled level of the trash bin and its location data, process it, and transmit it to a central monitoring station for storage and analysis. An intelligent Graphical User Interface (GUI) enables the waste collection authority to view and evaluate the unfilled status of each trash bin. To validate the proposed system architecture, the following significant experiments were conducted: (a) Eight trash bins were equipped with PBLMUs and connected to a LoRaWAN network and another eight trash bins were equipped with HBLMUs and connected to a Wi-Fi network. The trash bins were filled with wastes at different levels and the corresponding unfilled levels of every trash bin were monitored through the intelligent GUI. (b) An experimental setup was arranged to measure the sleep current and active current contributions of a PBLMU to estimate its average current consumption. (c) The life expectancy of a PBLMU was estimated as approximately 70 days under hypothetical conditions.

https://www.mdpi.com/2624-6511/4/3/53/pdf

IoT-Enabled Solid Waste Management in Smart Cities

Logistics is an important driver for the competitiveness of industries and material supply. The development of smart logistics, powered by precise positioning and communication technologies can significantly improve the efficiency of logistics. The emerging technology of ultra-wideband (UWB) precision positioning has attracted significant attention throughout the previous decade owing to its promising capabilities over other radio frequency-based indoor localisation systems. In addition, UWB is characterised by large bandwidth and data rate, short message length, low transmission power and high penetration capability, which are all favourable for indoor positioning applications. However, UWB localisation technology faces several challenges that are somewhat similar to other technologies, such as mitigating errors that originate from non-line-of-sight (NLOS) situations and tackling signal interference in dense environments, and when required to operate in extreme conditions. This paper reviews the most recent advances made in UWB positioning systems over the last five years, with a focus on high-ranking articles. In addition to going through more conventional solutions to UWB challenges, modern solutions, which involve the use of machine learning and sensor data fusion, are discussed. We highlight the most promising findings of the recently implemented and foreseen UWB positioning systems by providing a summary of each reviewed article. Additionally, we address a major challenge that faces the UWB positioning technology: NLOS situations, focusing on some proposed remedies such as multi-sensor fusion and machine learning. As an application, this study introduces how UWB technology promotes smart logistics by offering indoor positioning to improve efficiencies in the delivery of goods from the source to the customer. Furthermore, it demonstrates the benefits of UWB technology for accurate positioning and tracking of both stationary and moving items, and machinery in an indoor logistics environment. 

/pdf/precision-positioning-for-smart-logistics-using-ultra-gd1ydn77.pdf

Precision Positioning for Smart Logistics Using Ultra-Wideband Technology-Based Indoor Navigation: A Review

The traditional supply chain system included smart objects to enhance intelligence, automation capabilities, and intelligent decision-making. Internet of Things (IoT) technologies are providing unprecedented opportunities to enhance efficiency and reduce the cost of the existing system of the supply chain. This article aims to study the prevailing supply chain system and explore the benefits obtained after smart objects and embedded networks of IoT are implanted. Short-range communication technologies, radio frequency identification (RFID), middleware, and cloud computing are extensively comprehended to conceptualize the smart supply chain management system. Moreover, manufacturers are achieving maximum benefits in terms of safety, cost, intelligent management of inventory, and decision-making. This study also offers concepts of smart carriage, loading/unloading, transportation, warehousing, and packaging for the secure distribution of products. Furthermore, the tracking of customers to convince them to make more purchases and the modification of shops with the assistance of the Internet of Things are thoroughly idealized.

/pdf/application-of-internet-of-things-iot-in-sustainable-supply-2awni199.pdf

Application of Internet of Things (IoT) in Sustainable Supply Chain Management

Logistics is a driver of countries’ and firms’ competitiveness and plays a vital role in economic growth. However, the current logistics industry still faces high costs and low efficiency. The development of smart logistics brings opportunities to solve these problems. As one of the important technologies of the modern information and communication technology (ICT), the Internet of Things (IoT) can create oceans of data and explore the complex relationships between the transactions represented by these data with the help of various mathematical analysis technologies. These features are helpful to promote the development of smart logistics. In this article, we provide a comprehensive survey on the literature involving IoT technologies applied to smart logistics. First, the related work and background knowledge of smart logistics are introduced. Then, we highlight the enabling technologies for IoT in smart logistics. Furthermore, we review how IoT technologies are applied in the realm of smart logistics from the perspectives of logistics transportation, warehousing, loading/unloading, carrying, distribution processing, distribution, and information processing. Finally, some challenges and future directions are discussed.

Applications of the Internet of Things (IoT) in Smart Logistics: A Comprehensive Survey

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Applications of the Internet of Things (IoT) in Smart Logistics: A Comprehensive Survey