Nanotechnology has become a key word of public interest, since people realized the social and economic power of nanotechnology development. Nanotechnology has already become part of our daily life, and it will have an as yet unknown technological impact because it concerns all aspects of human life from novel building materials to electronics, cosmetics, pharmaceutics, and medicine.1 In recent years, engineered nanoparticles started to become the most important components in nanotechnology. The InternationalOrganization for Standardization (ISO) has provided specific definitions in their recent document entitled “Nanotechnologies—Terminology and definitions for nanoobjects—Nanoparticle, nanofibre and nanoplate”. As the basis of this review, the following definitions for a nanoparticle (NP) and a nano-object will be used.

/pdf/assessing-the-in-vitro-and-in-vivo-toxicity-of-nibfr22rw0.pdf

Assessing the in vitro and in vivo toxicity of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles.

Carbon foam: Preparation and application

Aligned carbon nanotubes with built-in FeN4 active sites for electrocatalytic reduction of oxygen

Toward highly thermally conductive all-carbon composites: Structure control

Carbon foam is a representative porous-structured carbon material. It has attracted increasing attention from academic communities and industry because of its unique 3D porous structure and excellent performance, such as low density with high mechanical strength, high electrical conductivity, tailorable thermal conductivities, high adsorption, electromagnetic shielding, ablation resistance, and large surface area. Tremendous achievements have been made in its synthesis and applications in the past few years. However, little effort has been devoted to providing a comprehensive review of recent progress. In the present review, the typical microstructure of carbon foam is firstly illustrated, which includes the open-cell structure and closed-cell structure. Secondly, advances in its synthesis approaches are summarized, according to the utilized precursors involving polymers, pitches, and biomass materials. Thirdly, the promising applications (e.g., thermal management, adsorption, energy storage, electromagnetic shielding, catalyst support, and sensors) are comprehensively reviewed. Among them, its applications for energy storage are systematically introduced, as this application has been extensively developed in recent years. In particular, the strategies for controlling its properties are mentioned. Finally, some critical issues and challenges that need to be tackled are discussed, like precise fabrication, scaling up production, etc. Besides this, the research prospects of carbon foam are proposed.

Carbon foams: 3D porous carbon materials holding immense potential

Formation mechanism of carbon foams derived from mesophase pitch

Carbon foams with high compressive strength derived from mesophase pitch treated by toluene extraction

In the 1990s, Klett et al. produced mesophase-pitch-derived carbon foams with high-thermal conductivity upto 180 W/mK [1], which were considered as ideal materialsfor thermal management applications [2]. However, cracksin carbon foams might cause a low compressive strength[1,3,4] which will restrict their applications [1,5–7]. Mitsu-bishi naphthalene-based synthetic mesophase pitch hasabout 21.9% toluene-soluble part, which will generate moregas during the pyrogenation of pitch, as a result, morecracks might generate in carbon foams after carbonization[1,8,9]. So it is very important to reduce the amount of re-leased gases during the pyrogenation of pitch. Solventextraction of raw pitch might be a good method to reducethe released gases. In this paper, carbon foams with highcompressive strength and good thermal conductivity wasprepared by using toluene extraction of mesophase pitch,followed by foaming, carbonization and graphitization.Mitsubishi AR naphthalene-based synthetic pitch(MP0) with a softening point of 556 K was used as rawmaterial to prepare carbon foams. MP0 was extracted withtoluene for diﬀerent time, and after drying, MP1 with dif-ferent soluble part of toluene was got. Forming was carriedout in a pressure vessel by heating the foaming precursorup to 523 K in a nitrogen atmosphere at pressure up to3 MPa. The foaming step include: heating under nitrogenatmosphere to 523 K, applying the foaming pressure, andthen heating at the heating rate of 2 K/min to 733 K fol-lowed by soaking for 2 h and cooling to room temperature.The resultant foams were carbonized at 15 K/h to 1573 Kin inert atmosphere and dwelt for 2 h at ﬁnal temperature.The carbonized foams were graphitized at 10 K/min to2873 K and dwelt for 30 min to get graphitized samples.The carbonized and graphitized foams prepared fromMP1 series were signed as CF1 x and GF1 x, in whichx represented the percent of toluene-soluble part in theMP1. The carbonized foams prepared from MP0 weresigned as CF0. The properties of carbon foams such asmorphology (examined by using JEOL JSM-6360LV scan-ning electron microscope (SEM)), compressive strength,and thermal conductivity (measured by Netzsch LFA447/2-2 InSb Nano Flash machine) were determined.SEM photographs of CF1 series and CF0 were shown inFig. 1. It could be seen that cracks in carbon foams derivedfrom mesophase pitch extracted with toluene (CF1 series)were shorter than that in carbon foams derived from puremesophase pitch (CF0). Fig. 2 revealed the relationship be-tween bulk density of CF and soluble part of toluene inmesophase pitch. It could be found that the bulk densityof CF increased with the increase of soluble part of toluenein mesophase pitch.The relationship between compressive strength and bulkdensity of CF1 series and CF0 series was shown in Fig. 3.The compressive strength of CF1 series was higher thanthat of CF0 series at the similar density. At the same time,the compressive strength of CF1 series increased with theincrease of bulk density.Basing on the Griﬃth’s theory [4], the length of crack incarbon material was a key factor aﬀected on the mechani-cal strength of carbon material. It is well known that themechanical strength was a function of a

Letters to the Editor Carbon foams with high compressive strength derived from mesophase pitch treated by toluene extraction

Graphite fiber/copper composites prepared by spontaneous infiltration

The structural properties of chemically derived graphene nanosheets/mesophase pitch-based composite carbon fibers with high conductivities

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