Heterogeneous fiberous structured Mg-Zn-Zr alloy with superior strength-ductility synergy

Magnesium alloys are highly sought after as environment-friendly engineering materials for the 21st century. Mg-RE (rare earth) alloys, especially Mg-Gd-(Y)-Zn alloys, have attracted significant interest in the past two decades due to their potential high performances over conventional or commercial magnesium alloys. Recent research has revealed that the LPSO、 β series and γ series phases are the main strengthening phases in Mg-Gd-(Y)-Zn alloys. This article aims to provide a review of recent progress on the transformation of these main strengthening phases in the as-cast Mg-Gd-(Y)-Zn alloys, especially the co-existence of multiple strengthening mechanisms. Further, substantial research recommendations for the future development of high-performance and even ultra-high-strength casting Mg-RE alloys are proposed in terms of casting procedure, heat treatment process, alloying elements, and strength-plasticity trade-off. 

The main strengthening phases transformation and their strengthening mechanisms in as-cast Mg-Gd-(Y)-Zn alloys: A review

Effects of grain refinement and precipitate strengthening on mechanical properties of double-extruded Mg-12Gd-2Er-0.4Zr alloy

In this work, the deformation mechanism and cracking behavior of Mg–1Al–12Y alloys with different contents of long-period stacking ordered (LPSO) phase during in-situ tensile testing at ambient temperature were investigated in detail using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). The slip trace analysis results showed that the deformation of the three alloys was all dominated by dislocation slip and supplemented by extension twinning. The predominant slip deformation mode was basal <a> slip. The Mg–1Al–12Y alloy after solution treatment at 540 °C for 4 h (T4-4h) exhibited higher elongation due to greater non-basal slip activation (31.8%) and cross slip occurrence (10.4%) and lower twinning activity. This was primarily attributed to the fact that profuse lamellar LPSO phases in the matrix of T4-4h alloy promoted the activation of non-basal slip and inhibited the initiation of extension twins. In addition, crack nucleation of the three alloys was mainly concentrated at the grain boundaries and triple junction of the grain boundaries. Nucleation and crack propagation were mostly attributed to the surrounding grains with a hard orientation and the second phase at the grain boundaries, which was not conducive to coordinated deformation. 

An investigation of the deformation and cracking mechanism of Mg–1Al–12Y alloys based on in-situ SEM/EBSD slip trace analysis

A low-alloyed Mg-1.2Zn-0.1Ca (wt.%) alloy was extruded at low temperatures. The alloy extruded at 150 °C exhibits a yield strength (YS) of 374 MPa and an elongation of 14.2%. The YS is superior to most Mg–Zn–Ca alloys, and can compete with high-alloyed AZ91 and Mg-RE alloys. 

Achieving superior mechanical properties in a low-alloyed magnesium alloy via low-temperature extrusion

Precipitate characteristics and their effects on the mechanical properties of as-extruded Mg-Gd-Li-Y-Zn alloy

In this study, the Mg–4Y–1Gd–1Nd–xCa–1Zn–0.3Zr (x = 0 and 0.4 wt%) cast alloys with low rare earth concentration were prepared in different routes of heat treatments, and their microstructures and mechanical properties were investigated. The Mg–4Y–1Gd–1Nd–1Zn–0.4Ca–0.3Zr cast alloy with ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of 264 ± 7.8 MPa, tensile yield strength (TYS) of 153 ± 1.2 MPa and elongation to failure (EL) of 17.2 ± 1.2% was successfully developed by appropriate heat treatment. The improved mechanical performance was attributed to the combined strengthening effects of fine grains, Mg24RE5, $$\beta ^{\prime}$$
 , $$\beta _{1}$$
 , $$\gamma ^{\prime}$$
 and LPSO phases. In the heat treatment process, cooling method of T4 treatment affected the microstructure, which consequently determined the mechanical properties air cooling, rather than water cooling, gave rise to the formation of $$\gamma ^{\prime}$$
 phase in the alloy without Ca addition. However, Ca addition facilitated the formation of $$\gamma ^{\prime}$$
 phase, and the $$\gamma ^{\prime}$$
 phase precipitated in the alloy after T4 treatment either by water cooling or by air cooling, but the air cooling increased the number density of $$\gamma ^{\prime}$$
 phase in comparison to the water cooling. Although the $$\gamma ^{\prime}$$
 phase strengthened the studied alloys, the formation of $$\gamma ^{\prime}$$
 phase inhibited the precipitatition of $$\beta ^{\prime}$$
 and $$\beta _{1}$$
 phases in the following T6 treatment, and consequently reduced the strengthening effect of $$\beta ^{\prime}$$
 and $$\beta _{1}$$
 phases. The results showed that the mechanical performance of the studied alloys was largely determined by the precipitation of $$\gamma ^{\prime}$$
 phase, which was regulated by the Ca addition and the cooling method of T4 treatment.

Precipitate Characteristics and Mechanical Performance of Cast Mg–6RE–1Zn–xCa–0.3Zr (x = 0 and 0.4 wt%) Alloys

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Precipitate characteristics and their effects on the mechanical properties of as-extruded Mg-Gd-Li-Y-Zn alloy

Precipitate Characteristics and Mechanical Performance of Cast Mg–6RE–1Zn–xCa–0.3Zr (x = 0 and 0.4 wt%) Alloys