Sheath blight (ShB), caused by necrotrophic fungus Rhizoctonia solani, is one of the most serious rice diseases worldwide. To the best of our knowledge, no genes with high potential for rice ShB resistance breeding have been previously characterized. Here we identify a ShB resistance receptor-like kinase 1 (SBRR1) gene via a genome-wide association study. The SBRR1-R elite allele, containing a 256-bp insertion in its promoter, is preferentially present in indica varieties in geographical regions with highly favorable conditions for ShB development. Introduction of SBRR1-R into a commercial japonica rice variety significantly reduces yield loss under severe ShB disease pressure. Transcription factor bHLH57 specifically binds to the 256-bp sequence and accounts for highly induced expression and stronger resistance of SBRR1-R. Localization of SBRR1 on plasma membrane, aided by SBRR1-interaction-protein 1, and phosphorylation of SBRR1 are required for SBRR1 to rapidly upregulate downstream chitinase genes for resistance. These findings offer mechanistical insights into ShB resistance hidden in natural rice varieties.

Natural variation in SBRR1 shows high potential for sheath blight resistance breeding in rice

Sheath blight of rice caused by necrotrophic plant pathogen Rhizoctonia solani is one of the most common fungal diseases of rice leading to significant yield loss. Among the defense responses exhibited by the host plants towards fungal infections, those functional within the apoplast contribute significantly. Here, we have studied apoplastic defense response of rice towards R. solani during sheath blight infection. The transcriptome of R. solani–infected rice plants was compared with that of uninfected rice, to identify the set of defense genes that undergo differential expression and code for proteins with a predicted N-terminal signal peptide. Significant changes in the stress-responsive, molecular signal perception, protein modification, and metabolic process pathways represented by a group of differentially expressed genes were observed. Our data also revealed two secreted protease inhibitors from rice that exhibit increased expression during R. solani infection and induce disease resistance when expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license . 

Defense Surveillance System at the Interface: Response of Rice Towards Rhizoctonia solani During Sheath Blight Infection

In a greenhouse experiment, barley varieties infected with R. solani showed a significant decrease in plant height, number of leaves, spike number, and number of grains in spike while the treatment of these varieties with biological control Aureobasidium pullulans showed a significant increase in plant height, number of leaves, number of spikes, and number of grains in spike compared to untreated one. moreover, of biological control A. pullulans to R. solani induced a significant improvement in vegetative growth, In the treatment with biological control A. pullulans inaddition to R. solani, the highest rate of plant height was found in Aswad two rows variety and reaching 38.81cm. in the second reading, up from 16.52 cm. in the first reading. Among Rehan white six rows that received the treatment with R. solani alone, the lowest plant height, reached 22.08 cm. in the second reading, and it increased from the first reading. Ebaa 265 White six rows variety produced the most number in the treatment with biological control A. pullulans added to R. solani, reaching 8.66 leaves per plant., In the Nour white two rows variety, the lowest leaf rate was 6.6 leaves in the treatment R. solani alone. Aswad two rows variety exhibited the highest spike of barley when treated with biological control A. pullulans alone, reaching 5 spikes in the first, second, and third readings. Among the three readings, there were no spikes in Samir White variety when treated with R. solani alone. the average grains number in spikes, the highest rate was in the treatment of sterilized soil with formalin (control) in Aswad two rows variety which amounted to 7.67 grains in the second reading, up from 7.2 grains in the four reading. Biological control A. pullulans were added to R. solani in the variety Ebaa 265 White six rows, as it, and increased from 4.6 grains in the first to 9.8 in the second reading. 

/pdf/physiological-effects-of-biological-control-aureobasidium-12pk2297.pdf

Physiological Effects of Biological Control Aureobasidium pullulans on Barley Varieties Infected with Rhizoctonia solani

QTL mapping and candidate gene identification for sheath blight resistance in rice (Oryza sativa) F3 progenies using QTL-seq analysis

Abstract Rice sheath blight disease is caused by the necrotrophic pathogen Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn (teleomorph; Thanatephorus cucumeris ). Several studies have reported the disease suppression mechanisms in resistant varieties based on innate and systemic acquired resistance (SAR) mechanisms. The resistant varieties turn susceptible due to the intelligence of pathogen strains to mimic plant defense signaling mechanisms. An alternative and ecofriendly approach to tackle the negative effects of plant-pathogen interaction is the application of bio-control agents. Actinobacteria is known for production of secondary metabolites under stress that initiates pre-signaling to enable induced immunity at early plant stages to tackle the pathogen attack during the later stages of plant development. The current study is focused on understanding of mechanisms that provide resistance to rice plants against R. solani in presence of actinobacteria, Streptomyces hyderabadensis , based on biochemical and mRNA/transcript level analysis. The sheath blight incidence was significantly reduced and the disease score was maintained at 1 (lesion height less than 10%) compared to pathogen control. Biochemical analysis revealed that the actinobacterial inoculation enhanced the levels of phenyl ammonia lyase, phenol, polyphenol oxidases, catalases and peroxidases during the tripartite interaction that provided initial resistance and protection from ROS generated during pathogen infection through detoxification process. During the interaction, higher expression of chitinase gene, improvement in chlorophyll content by the expression of chlorophyll a-b binding protein, maintenance of plant overall development by maintaining the balance of melatonin production, lower expression of SAR supportive genes (PAL, ICS, GST) at the later intervals, expression of signaling proteins (14-3-3 like protein GF14-E) to activate the defense related proteins and the proteins that supports the SAR to ISR shift (NPR1) in presence of S. hyderabadensis under pathogen pressure of R. solani . 

/pdf/shift-in-sar-to-isr-during-the-rice-r-solani-interaction-17ok0znk.pdf

Shift in SAR to ISR during the Rice- R. Solani interaction mediated by Streptomyces hyderabadensis confers sheath blight resistance in susceptible genotype

iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomics analysis of defense responses triggered by the pathogen Rhizoctonia solani infection in rice

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iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomics analysis of defense responses triggered by the pathogen Rhizoctonia solani infection in rice