In this study, hydroxymethyl (−CH2OH)-functionalized hollow polymer nanospheres (HPN) were prepared by a hypercross-linking self-assembly strategy for acteoside (ACT) adsorption. The prepared HPN possessed a large pore volume, robust hollow structure, and centralized distribution mesopores, achieving excellent adsorption capacity for ACT. The highest adsorption capacity was 357.99 mg/g observed for ACT. The reason can be attributed to the following three aspects: first, HPN-2 has a hollow structure with the largest pore volume, and the large pore volume is a decisive factor in improving adsorption capacity. The large pore volume provided enough space to accommodate more ACT molecules. Second, the −CH2OH functional groups inside and outside of HPN-2 acted as high-affinity binding sites for ACT molecules, making ACT more easily adsorbed on HPN-2. Finally, the larger mesopore on HPN-2 provides fast diffusion channels for the adsorption of ACT. Therefore, developing hydroxymethyl-functionalized hypercross-linked adsorbents with hollow mesopore structures will provide a facile and effective strategy for separating bioactive components from natural products. 

Hydroxymethyl-Functionalized Polymer Nanospheres with a Hollow Mesopore Structure for Efficient Acteoside Adsorption

The efficient adsorption of acteoside (ACT) was essential for the development and utilization of the active ingredients of Cistanche tubulosa. In this study, the adsorbent of hydrophilic imidazole polyionic liquids P(StDVB-[C4vim][BF4]) was synthesized based on a double emulsion interfacial polymerization method to adsorb hydrophilic ACT. The as-prepared P(StDVB-[C4vim][BF4]) showed an excellent adsorption performance, and the adsorption capacity and selectivity were 114.31 mg/g and 4.31, respectively. This was mainly attributed to as follows: firstly, P(StDVB-[C4vim][BF4]) possessed multiple hydrogen bond receptors due to the introduction of functional monomer [C4vim][BF4]. The multiple hydrogen bond receptors provided the F atoms and N atoms to form multiple hydrogen bonds with the ACT, realizing the efficient adsorption of ACT. Secondly, the hierarchical porous structure had plenty of micro-mesopores and macropores. The micropores prefer screened small molecules, enhancing the selective adsorption of ACT, the mesoporous pores greatly improved the diffusion ability of ACT in the pores of P(StDVB-[C4vim][BF4]), and the macropores reduced transportation restrictions and facilitated the entry of ACT. Finally, the P(StDVB-[C4vim][BF4]) contained hydrophilic imidazole group, enhancing the affinity between P(StDVB-[C4vim][BF4]) and ACT. Thus, P(StDVB-[C4vim][BF4]) can effectively adsorb ACT. The multiple hydrogen bonds were suggested as the major driving forces for adsorbing P(StDVB-[C4vim][BF4]) and ACT. In addition, P(StDVB-[C4vim][BF4]) was conveniently regenerated up to 6 times. Therefore, the P(StDVB-[C4vim][BF4]) had potential application for adsorbing active ingredients of natural products. 

Constructing multiple hydrogen bonds in adsorbent for selective adsorption of acteoside

Constructing molecularly imprinted membranes with instant noodles-like structure for selectively separating acteoside

Designing villus-like texture structure in molecularly imprinted composite membranes for selective separation of acteoside

The main active component of Cistanche tubulosa is acteoside (ACT), which is difficult to separate due to its low content. Therefore, it is important to develop an efficient method for efficient separation of ACT. Herein, the ACT-based molecularly imprinted nanocomposite membranes (A-MINMs) doped with bilayer-mesoporous carbon nanospheres (BMCNs) were fabricated for efficient separation of ACT. The designed BMCNs mixed with polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) powders to prepare the hybrid membranes (BMCNs@PVDF) by a phase inversion method. Then, a sol–gel method was used to synthesize the ACT-imprinted layer on the BMCNs@PVDF. The A-MINMs-400 synthesized under the given conditions demonstrated an excellent rebinding capacity of 114.94 mg/g, the brilliant permselectivity of 7.15, and the rebinding selectivity of 4.48. It mainly attributed to the following three reasons: (i) The designed BMCNs possessed a well-defined bilayer-mesoporous structure composed of the mesoporous carbon shell, interlayer void, and mesoporous carbon core. This bilayer-mesoporous structure can construct the efficient shell@void@core@void@shell pathways in A-MINMs for intercepting ACT molecules through the A-MINMs. (ii) The interlayer void structure can provide a large space for accommodating ACT molecules, thereby enhancing the rebinding capacities of A-MINMs. (iii) The introduced BMCNs nanofillers facilitated to form the abundant ACT-imprinted sites and cavities, improving the selectivity of A-MINMs for ACT. Therefore, the development and design of A-MINMs with bilayer-mesoporous nanofillers had a great potential for efficient separation of bioactive active constituents from natural products. 

Constructing bilayer-mesoporous structure in molecularly imprinted nanocomposite membranes for efficient separation of acteoside

In this study, a series of adsorbents with honeycomb structure that hyperbranched polyethyleneimine (PEI) functionalized carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC/PEI) are successfully designed for acteoside (ACT) separation. The microstructures of adsorbents are adjusted to optimum by changing the molecular weight and addition amount of PEI. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) and N2 adsorption-desorption experiment results show that CMC/PEI-70000-4.5g presents the honeycomb structure with the highest specific surface area and the largest pore volume. The honeycomb structure has the multiple internal cavities, which provide sufficient space for accommodating and adsorbing ACT molecules, improving the adsorption capacity. Furthermore, this work introduces PEI on the inner and outer surface of pores and forms an amino layer, which has high-affinity for ACT molecules and realizes the excellent selectivity. Therefore, CMC/PEI-70000-4.5g shows the highest adsorption capacity of 125.67 mg g−1 and selectivity of 5.38. The adsorption process of ACT can be fitted by pseudo-second-order kinetics, intraparticle diffusion, and Langmuir isotherm models. High-affinity (hydrogen bond, hydrophilic attraction, and Van der Waals force) is proposed as the main driving forces for adsorption between CMC/PEI-70000-4.5g and ACT. This work provides a strategy to synthesize the adsorbents with honeycomb structure for bioactive components separation from natural products. 

High‐Affinity Adsorbent with Honeycomb Structure for Efficient Acteoside Separation

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High‐Affinity Adsorbent with Honeycomb Structure for Efficient Acteoside Separation