X. Liu

TL;DR: The detailed rupture process and seismic anomalies are still difficult to be monitored precisely and understood well due to limited observations or the lack of dense near field observations as discussed by the authors, which is a limitation of our work.

TL;DR: In this paper, a monitoring and understanding of seismic ionospheric disturbances can provide insights on earthquake rupture, solid Earth and ionosphere coupling and ionosphere variations' behaviors, which can provide a better understanding of the dynamics of seismic events.

TL;DR: The Earth's atmosphere is a kind of inhomogeneous medium, and with increase of height, atmospheric mass decreases as discussed by the authors, and the deviation from a straight line occurs due to the variation of the air mass or density, which is called atmospheric refraction.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed a method to predict the short-term earthquake occurrence, location, and magnitude up to now, but this method is not suitable for large-scale earthquakes.