Experimental and numerical investigations on the spray characteristics of liquid-gas pintle injector

Using low-pressure sprinklers in agricultural irrigation has become an alternative way of reducing water and energy stress. To determine the applicability of the low-pressure rotating sprinkler, an experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of working pressure and nozzle size on sprinkler rotation speed, application rate, droplet size, droplet velocity, droplet trajectory angle, and kinetic energy distribution. The results showed that the mean droplet diameter increased exponentially along with the increase in distance from the sprinkler, and a logarithmic relation was derived between droplet diameter and droplet velocity. Due to the low breakup degree of the jet under the lowest working pressure of 100 kPa, the peak values of specific power and application rate were high, which reached 0.09 W m−2 and 11.35 mm h−1, and were 3.1–5.4 times and 2.5–3.1 times those of other working conditions. Meanwhile, the peak specific power of the biggest nozzle (diameter = 5.2 mm) was 2.4–2.8 times that of smaller nozzles. With an increase in working pressure, the sprinkler time per rotation decreased and the distributions of kinetic energy and water became more uniform. Thus, it is not recommended to equip the sprinkler with a large nozzle under low working pressure.

Effects of Pressure and Nozzle Size on the Spray Characteristics of Low-Pressure Rotating Sprinklers

Highlights An experiment was conducted to investigate the hydraulic performance of a fixed spray plate sprinkler (FSPS). A model was developed for estimating the cumulative kinetic energy of the FSPS under a moving system. The droplet characteristics and kinetic energy distribution were affected by the working pressure and FSPS structure. A high cumulative kinetic energy could lead to a low water infiltration rate into the soil. Abstract. The kinetic energy of droplets from a fixed spray plate sprinkler (FSPS) has a substantial influence on runoff and soil erosion, as well as on the energy consumption of moving sprinkler irrigation systems. To determine the droplet characteristics and kinetic energy of an FSPS, an experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of working pressure, plate structure, and nozzle size on the droplet diameter, velocity, and kinetic energy. Two plates (the FSPSB with a concave trajectory and deep grooves in the blue plate, and the FSPSY with a flat trajectory and shallow grooves in the yellow plate) were used in the tests. The cumulative kinetic energy and water depth were calculated for a single sprinkler moving in a straight line. The results show that the FSPSB, which had deeper grooves in the plate, produced a larger droplet diameter than the FSPSY, with shallow grooves in the plate. The droplet landing velocities presented a logarithmic relationship with the droplet diameter, and velocities increased with an increase in droplet diameter. The peak specific power (SP) value of the FSPSB was 1.14 to 16.76 times that of the FSPSY. When the working pressure was less than 150 kPa, the peak SP of the FSPSB remained at a high level. With an increase in working pressure, the peak SP of the FSPSB initially increased and then decreased, while the peak SP of the FSPSY increased. The cumulative kinetic energy of the FSPSB was higher than that of the FSPSY under mobile spray conditions. Compared with the cumulative water depth, the cumulative kinetic energy of the FSPSB increased and then decreased as the working pressure increased for the same applied water volume. Because the soil had a lower infiltration rate under the FSPSB, surface ponding was more likely to occur with the FSPSB than with the FSPSY at low working pressure.

Analysis of Droplet Characteristics and Kinetic Energy Distribution for Fixed Spray Plate Sprinkler at Low Working Pressure

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xviii CHAPTER

Synchrotron x-ray radiography, fluorescence, and imaging of coaxial rocket injector sprays

In this study, numerical simulation is employed to diagnose the behavior of round liquid jet under forced perturbation with the low-velocity coaxial gas flow. A sinusoidal longitudinal perturbation with high amplitude and infinite frequency is imposed on the inlet of the liquid jet. An annular gas with lower velocity flows coaxially. The volume of fluid (VOF) approach is used to capture the liquid-gas interface. Various circumstances are considered such as properties of the liquid, the ratio of gas velocity to liquid velocity, and the properties of perturbation. Different cap formations, ligament breakup, and the droplet generation processes are depicted. The results indicate that the slower gas flow can affect the liquid jet breakup behavior and droplet generation. Also, liquid properties can considerably influence the cap formation and morphology of breakup. This investigation is validated by other numerical and experimental research in the basic conditions, while co-flowing gas-liquid jet considered in the present study is completely novel.

Disintegration co-flowing gas-liquid jet coupled with forced perturbation

This chapter relates to the liquid sheets and their instability. Liquid sheet instability is due to the interaction between the liquid and its surrounding fluid. When the amplitude of a perturbation grows and reaches a critical value, sheet is disintegrated forming liquid ligaments. Here, the linear and nonlinear instability of an inviscid and viscous liquid sheet is discussed, showing the effect of the aerodynamic forces on the growth rate of the initially small perturbations. Other effects, such as the effect of initial velocity profile on the instability are also discussed.

Instability of Liquid Sheets

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Instability of Liquid Sheets