The ratio of the proton elastic electromagnetic form factors, GEp/GMp, was obtained by measuring Pt and P, the transverse and longitudinal recoil proton polarization components, respectively, for the elastic epepreaction in the four-momentum transfer squared range of 0.5 to 3.5 GeV2. In the single-photon exchange approximation, GEp/GMp is directly proportional to Pt/P. The simultaneous measurement of Pt and P in a polarimeter reduces systematic uncertainties. The results for GEp/GMp show a systematic decrease with increasing Q2, indicating for the first time a definite difference in the distribution of charge and magnetization in the proton. The data have been reanalyzed and their systematic uncertainties have become significantly smaller than those reported previously. (Less)

/pdf/proton-elastic-form-factor-ratios-to-q-2-3-5-gev-2-by-2d43qknpy1.pdf

Proton elastic form-factor ratios to Q**2 = 3.5-GeV**2 by polarization transfer

This paper describes a precise measurement of electron scattering off the proton at momentum transfers of 0.003 Q 2 1 GeV 2 . The average point-to-point error of the cross sections in this experiment is ∼0.37%. These data are used for a coherent new analysis together with all world data of unpolarized and polarized electron scattering from the very smallest to the highest momentum transfers so far measured. The extracted electric and magnetic form factors provide new insight into their exact shape, deviating from the classical dipole form, and of structure on top of this gross shape. The data reaching very low Q 2 values are used for a new determination of the electric and magnetic radii. An empirical determination of the two-photon-exchange correction is presented. The implications of this correction on the radii and the question of a directly visible signal of the pion cloud are addressed.

Electric and magnetic form factors of the proton

There has been much activity in the measurement of the elastic electromagnetic proton and neutron form factors in the last decade, and the quality of the data has been greatly improved by performing double polarization experiments, in comparison with previous unpolarized data. Here we review the experimental data base in view of the new results for the proton, and neutron, obtained at MIT-Bates, MAMI, and JLab. The rapid evolution of phenomenological models triggered by these high-precision experiments will be discussed, including the recent progress in the determination of the valence quark generalized parton distributions of the nucleon, as well as the steady rate of improvements made in the lattice QCD calculations.

pdf/nucleon-electromagnetic-form-factors-4wrcvqnj6k.pdf

Nucleon Electromagnetic Form Factors

We use the world's data on elastic electron-proton scattering and calculations of two-photon exchange effects to extract corrected values of the proton's electric and magnetic form factors over the full ${Q}^{2}$ range of the existing data Our analysis combines the corrected Rosenbluth cross section and polarization transfer data, and is the first extraction of ${G}_{E}$ and ${G}_{M}$ including explicit two-photon exchange corrections and their associated uncertainties In addition, we examine the angular dependence of the corrected cross sections to examine the possible nonlinearities of the cross section as a function of \ensuremath{\varepsilon}

Global analysis of proton elastic form factor data with two-photon exchange corrections

https://www.ge.infn.it/jlab12/IT/files/0612014-C.F..pdf

Nucleon electromagnetic form factors

We report on precision measurements of the elastic cross section for electron-proton scattering performed in Hall C at Jefferson Lab. The measurements were made at 28 distinct kinematic settings covering a range in momentum transfer of 0.4<Q{sup 2}<5.5 (GeV/c){sup 2}. These measurements represent a significant contribution to the world's cross section data set in the Q{sup 2} range, where a large discrepancy currently exists between the ratio of electric to magnetic proton form factors extracted from previous cross section measurements and that recently measured via polarization transfer in Hall A at Jefferson Lab. This data set shows good agreement with previous cross section measurements, indicating that if a heretofore unknown systematic error does exist in the cross section measurements, then it is intrinsic to all such measurements.

/pdf/measurements-of-electron-proton-elastic-cross-sections-for-0-3wshrx9cc9.pdf

Measurements of electron-proton elastic cross sections for 0.4 < Q(2) < 5.5 (GeV/c)(2)

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Measurements of electron-proton elastic cross sections for 0.4 < Q(2) < 5.5 (GeV/c)(2)