Hawthorn (Crataegus spp.) is an important pome with a long history as a fruit, an ornamental, and a source of medicine. Fruits of hawthorn are marked by hard stony endocarps, but a hawthorn germplasm with soft and thin endocarp was found in Liaoning province of China. To elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying the soft endocarp of hawthorn, we conducted a de novo assembly of the fruit transcriptome of Crataegus pinnatifida and compared gene expression profiles between the soft-endocarp and the hard-endocarp hawthorn varieties. De novo assembly yielded 52,673 putative unigenes, 20.4% of which are longer than 1,000 bp. Among the high-quality unique sequences, 35,979 (68.3%) had at least one significant match to an existing gene model. A total of 1,218 genes, represented 2.31% total putative unigenes, were differentially expressed between the soft-endocarp hawthorn and the hard-endocarp hawthorn. Among these differentially expressed genes, a number of lignin biosynthetic pathway genes were down-regulated while almost all the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway genes were strongly up-regulated, concomitant with the formation of soft endocarp. In addition, we have identified some MYB and NAC transcription factors that could potentially control lignin and flavonoid biosynthesis. The altered expression levels of the genes encoding lignin biosynthetic enzymes, MYB and NAC transcription factors were confirmed by quantitative RT-PCR. This is the first transcriptome analysis of Crataegus genus. The high quality ESTs generated in this study will aid future gene cloning from hawthorn. Our study provides important insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying soft endocarp formation in hawthorn.

/pdf/transcript-assembly-and-quantification-by-rna-seq-reveals-4co5cfdw07.pdf

Transcript assembly and quantification by RNA-Seq reveals differentially expressed genes between soft-endocarp and hard-endocarp hawthorns.

Recently, there were discovered new compounds from medicinal plant and used as anti-sever diseases. Therefore, research topics dealing with isolation, purification and identification of active ingredients from wild and medicinal plants will add significant value for medical societies. As well, this discovery will led to increase the global pharmaceutical market as well as opining such new gate for medicinal plant research.

Active Ingredients from Aromatic and Medicinal Plants

Hawthorn (Crataegus spp.) is an edible wild fruit that is used in traditional medicine, landscape studies, and food and beverage industries in many countries. It is an important wild plant species in Turkey and is numerous in the Yozgat Province. Genetic and breeding studies on hawthorn are very limited. Therefore, we aimed to characterize 91 hawthorn genotypes using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. The SSRs were developed from apple and pear and were screened in hawthorn for amplification and polymorphisms. A total of 265 alleles were detected from thirty-two SSR primer pairs, and those were used to identify genetic relationships. The number of alleles ranged from 2 to 21 alleles per locus with a mean value of 8.28. The Hi05b09 locus showed the highest allele number (Na = 21). The polymorphism information content (PIC) values ranged from 0.16 (CH03d10) to 0.89 (C6554) with a mean value of 0.60. An Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Average method was used to cluster the genotypes, and four major clusters were obtained from the amplification of the SSRs. STRUCTURE software identified four populations (ΔK = 4) and eight sub-populations (ΔK = 8), and four major clusters similar results to UPGMA analysis. Our study showed that the SSR markers could be utilized as a reliable tool for the determination of genetic variations and relationships of hawthorn genotypes. A basic molecular analysis on the hawthorn genotypes identified in this study will promote the collection of germplasm collection and the selection of parents’ in future cross-breeding studies.

/pdf/characterization-of-hawthorn-crataegus-spp-genotypes-by-ssr-syxq78h8gh.pdf

Characterization of hawthorn (Crataegus spp.) genotypes by SSR markers.

Chinese hawthorn (Crataegus pinnatifida) is an important ornamental and economic horticultural plant. However, the lack of molecular markers has limited the development and utilization of hawthorn germplasm resources. Simple sequence repeats (SSRs) derived from expressed sequence tags (ESTs) allow precise and effective cultivar characterization and are routinely used for genetic diversity analysis. Thus, we first reported the development of polymorphic EST-SSR markers in C. pinnatifida with perfect repeats using Illumina RNA-Seq technique. In total, we investigated 14,364 unigenes, from which 5091 EST-SSR loci were mined. Di-nucleotides (2012, 39.52%) were the most abundant SSRs, followed by mono- (1989, 39.07%), and tri-nucleotides (1024, 20.11%). On the basis of these EST-SSRs, a total of 300 primer pairs were designed and used for polymorphism analysis in 70 accessions collected from different geographical regions of China. Of 239 (79.67%) pairs of primer-generated amplification products, 163 (54.33%) pairs of primers showed polymorphism. Finally, 33 primers with high polymorphism were selected for genetic diversity analysis and tested on 70 individuals with low-cost fluorescence-labeled M13 primers using capillary electrophoresis genotyping platform. A total of 108 alleles were amplified by 33 SSR markers, with the number of alleles (Na) ranging from 2 to 14 per locus (mean: 4.939), and the effective number of alleles (Ne) ranging from 1.258 to 3.214 (mean: 2.221). The mean values of gene diversity (He), observed heterozygosity (Ho), and polymorphism information content (PIC) were 0.524 (range 0.205–0.689), 0.709 (range 0.132–1.000), and 0.450 (range 0.184–0.642), respectively. Furthermore, the dendrogram constructed based on the EST-SSR separated the cultivars into two main clusters. In sum, our study was the first comprehensive study on the development and analysis of a large set of SSR markers in hawthorn. The results suggested that the use of NGS techniques for SSR development represented a powerful tool for genetic studies. Additionally, fluorescence-labeled M13 markers proved to be a valuable method for genotyping. All of these EST-SSR markers have agronomic potential and constitute a scientific basis for future studies on the identification, classification, and innovation of hawthorn germplasms.

An RNA Sequencing Transcriptome Analysis and Development of EST-SSR Markers in Chinese Hawthorn through Illumina Sequencing

The genus Crataegus is well distributed in Turkey as a wild plant, with numerous, inherently variable species and genotypes. RAPD markers were used to study 17 hawthorn genotypes belonging to Crataegus monogyna ssp. monogyna Jacq (2 genotypes), C. monogyna ssp. azarella Jacq (1), Crataegus pontica K.Koch (3), Crataegus orientalis var. orientalis Pallas Ex Bieb (3), Crataegus pseudoheterophylla Pojark (1), Crataegus aronia var. dentata Browicz (1), C. aronia var. aronia Browicz (4), and Crateagus × bornmuelleri Zabel (2). The 10 RAPD primers produced 72 polymorphic bands (88% polymorphism). A dendrogram based on Jaccard’s index included four major groups and one outgroup according to taxa. The lowest genetic variability was observed within C. aronia var. aronia genotypes. The study demonstrated that RAPD analysis is efficient for genotyping wild-grown hawthorns.

Genetic Relationships Among Some Hawthorn (Crataegus spp.) Species and Genotypes

Hawthorn (Crataegus spp.) has a long history as an ornamental and a source of medicine. We report the use of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers to determine genetic relationships in the genus Crataegus. Twenty-eight accessions, including eight species (Crataegus pinnatifida, Crataegus bretschneideri, Crataegus maximowiczii, Crataegus kansuensis, Crataegus altaica, Crataegus songarica, Crataegus dahurica and Crataegus sanguinea) and two botanical varieties (C. pinnatifida var. major and C. maximowiczii var. ninganensis) were analysed. Twelve RAPD primers reproducibly and strongly amplified 128 fragments of which 116 were polymorphic; similarly, 13 ISSR primers generated 127 products of which 119 were polymorphic. Dendrograms based on unweighted pair group method with arithmetic average analysis were constructed from both the RAPD and the ISSR data. Similarity coefficient based on RAPD and ISSR markers ranged from 0.22 to 0.98 and 0.23 to 0.98, respectively. The range in similarity coefficient indicated that the genus has a high level of genetic diversity. The Mantel test on the similarity matrices produced by RAPD and ISSR markers gave r = 0.86, showing high correlation between RAPD and ISSR markers in their ability to detect genetic relationships between Crataegus accessions. RAPD and ISSR appear to be reliable methods for the analysis of genetic relationships among hawthorns.

Application of random amplified polymorphic DNA and inter-simple sequence repeat markers in the genus Crataegus.

Background: Metabolite signatures of long-term alcohol consumption are lacking. To better understand the molecular basis linking alcohol drinking and cardiovascular disease (CVD), we investigated circulating metabolites associated with long-term alcohol consumption and examined whether these metabolites were associated with incident CVD. Methods: Cumulative average alcohol consumption (g/day) was derived from the total consumption of beer, wine and liquor on average of 19 years in 2,428 Framingham Heart Study Offspring participants (mean age 56 years, 52% women). We used linear mixed models to investigate the associations of alcohol consumption with 211 log-transformed plasma metabolites, adjusting for age, sex, batch, smoking, diet, physical activity, BMI, and familial relationship. Cox models were used to test the association of alcohol-related metabolite scores with fatal and nonfatal incident CVD (myocardial infarction, coronary heart disease, stroke, and heart failure). Results: We identified 60 metabolites associated with cumulative average alcohol consumption (p<0.05/211=0.00024). For example, one g/day increase of alcohol consumption was associated with higher levels of cholesteryl esters (e.g., CE 16:1, beta=0.023, SE=0.002, p=6.3e-45) and phosphatidylcholine (e.g., PC 32:1, beta=0.021, SE=0.002, p=3.1e-38). Survival analysis identified that 10 alcohol-associated metabolites were also associated with a differential CVD risk after adjusting for age, sex, and batch. Further, we built two alcohol consumption weighted metabolite scores using these 10 metabolites and showed that, with adjustment age, sex, batch, and common CVD risk factors, the two scores had comparable but opposite associations with incident CVD, hazard ratio 1.11(95% CI=[1.02, 1.21], p=0.02) vs 0.88 (95% CI=[0.78, 0.98], p=0.02). Summary: We identified 60 long-term alcohol consumption-associated metabolites. The association analysis with incident CVD suggests a complex metabolic basis between alcohol consumption and CVD.

https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2023/05/29/2023.05.24.23290487.full.pdf

Circulating Metabolites May Illustrate Relationship of Alcohol Consumption with Cardiovascular Disease

The physical description of the dynamic characteristics of power electronic devices is particularly important for the analysis of the dynamic characteristics of power electronic devices based on the new power system. Firstly, the physical model of pin high-power diode is established to analyze the changes of current and voltage when the power diode is turned on and off. Then, the dynamic simulation model of the power diode is built based on Simulink. The characteristic of the model is that the resistance diode inductance circuit (RDL circuit) is used to simulate the transient current in the process of on and off, and the physical process is explained. The first mock exam of the universal ZP1000A type PIN power diode is carried out on this model platform, which proves the main performance of di/dt and dv/dt of power electronic devices and the validity of the proposed model. 

Physical modeling and simulation analysis of dynamic characteristics of pin power diode

Abstract. The calibration result of the IMU has a strong impact on the accuracy of inertial navigation and its integration with other navigation techniques. Thus, how to efficiently obtain high-precision IMU calibration results is an important research problem for localization and motion tracking with consumer devices. To solve this problem, this paper proposes a handheld calibration method. Similar to our previous work, the pseudo observation is used to replace the measurement equation of the Kalman filter in the GNSS/INS loosely-coupled navigation algorithm. Compared to the existing online calibration algorithm, a more convenient data acquisition method is used, and the heading constraint information is added to assist in obtaining the calibration results of the IMU. To verify the proposed algorithm, a simulator is used to generate the heading updates with various precisions. The proposed algorithm shows the potential to estimate the vertical gyro bias, which does not converge in the existing calibration method, within around 0.5s when the accuracy of the heading’s random error is 5 degrees. When the heading random error is 60 degrees, the vertical gyro bias can converge in about 6 seconds after rotation with the standard deviation of 121.7765 deg/h.


A heading constraint calibration method for low-end inertial measurement units

The current cut-off phenomenon of vacuum switch will generate high overvoltage in the electrical circuit, which threatens the safety and insulation of electrical equipment. Adding trace elements to the contact material is one of the important measures to reduce the cut-off level of vacuum switch. In this paper, based on the research background of adding trace element Te (tellurium) to CuCr (copper-chromium) contacts, the oscillating circuit and detachable vacuum interrupter are used to measure the interception value of CuCrTe contacts with different additions and different processing techniques, and study the trace elements. The effect of element Te on the cut-off value of CuCr contacts preliminarily proves that the improvement of contact material can affect the level of cut-off value. The results show that adding Te element to the CuCr contact can reduce the cutoff value of the material. As the content of Te element in the contact increases, the cut-off value decreases unidirectionally, and the high-frequency oscillation of arc voltage and current near the cut-off moment is more pronounced. Obviously, it indicates the threat of back-arc heavy breakdown. The experimental results can provide a reference for the comprehensive optimization of copper-chromium contact trace element addition and switch performance indicators. 

Experimental study on the effect of trace elements in copper-chromium contacts on the current cut-off level of vacuum switches

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