Abstract The liquid lithium divertor (LLD) to be installed in NSTX has four toroidal panels, each a conical section inclined at 22° like the previous graphite divertor tiles. Each LLD panel is a copper plate clad with ∼0.25 mm of stainless steel (SS) and a surface layer of flame sprayed molybdenum (Mo) that will host lithium deposited from an evaporator. LITER (evaporators) already used in NSTX will be upgraded for the LLD. Each has twelve 500 W cartridge heaters with thermocouples, 16 other thermocouples, and a channel for helium cooling. During LLD experiments, the LLD will be heated so that the lithium is just above its melting temperature. The length of each shot will be preset to prevent excessive evaporation of lithium from the LLD. This duration depends on the heat load and is likely to be in the range of less than a second to several seconds. Careful thermal control of the LLD is important to maximize the shot times and to guide operation of the LLD. This paper describes the layout of the LLD, its expected thermal performance, the control system, and supporting experiments and analysis. A companion paper in this conference, “Physics design requirements for the national spherical torus experiment liquid lithium divertor,” provides other information.

Thermal Control of the Liquid Lithium Divertor for NSTX (poster).

Corrosion characteristics of Mo and TZM alloy for plasma facing components in molten lithium at 623 K

Laser welding is an innovative method that is frequently used and required by different disciplines and represents a technique of choice in a wide range of applications due to important advantages such as precision, speed, and flexibility. However, the welding method must be used properly otherwise it may deteriorate the mechanical properties of the welded metal and its environment. Therefore, the laser parameters should be precisely determined and carefully applied to the sample. The primary objective of this study was to investigate and propose optimal welding parameters that should be adjusted during the neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd: YAG)-pulsed laser welding of austenitic stainless steel 316L in an air welding environment by using Argon shielding gas and in wet welding settings in serum medium. The investigation of the welding process in serum medium was conducted in order to propose the most suitable welding parameters being important for future possible medical applications of laser welding in in-vivo settings and thus to investigate the possibilities of the welding process inside the human body. In order to evaluate the quality of welding in air and of wet welding (in serum), a detailed parameter study has been conducted by variation of the laser energy, the welding speed and the focal position. The relationship between the depth of penetration and specific point energy (SPE) was also evaluated. The microstructure of the welded metal was examined by an optical microscope and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Based on the microscopy results, it was found that the largest depth of penetration (1380 µm) was achieved with 19 J laser energy in air medium, while the depth reached the largest value (1240 µm) in serum medium at 28 J laser energy. The increasing energy level showed opposite behavior for air and serum. The results of our study imply that when welding of 316L stainless steel is implemented properly in the body fluid, it would be a promising start for future in-vivo studies.

/pdf/laser-welding-of-316l-austenitic-stainless-steel-in-an-air-3mrcwtj6.pdf

Laser Welding of 316L Austenitic Stainless Steel in an Air and a Water Environment

In this paper, the optimal ratio of tannic acid (TA) and sodium molybdate (SM) and the influence of different hydrodynamic factors on the corrosion inhibition effect of 304 stainless steel at 90° bending were evaluated. This study combines static immersion and simulation of a pipeline circulating flow device, and uses electrochemical and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations to evaluate the corrosion inhibition effect of corrosion inhibitors in this system. The optimal ratio of tannic acid and sodium molybdate is 3 g/L tannic acid +0.05 g/L sodium molybdate. The study found that the corrosion inhibition efficiency of the corrosion inhibitor at different positions of the elbow is different, and the corrosion inhibition efficiency decreases with the increase of the flow rate. The surface morphology and corrosion products of the samples were analyzed by SEM and XPS, which further verified the experimental results and analyzed the corrosion inhibition mechanism. 

Inhibition effect of tannic acid and sodium molybdate for the flow corrosion of 304 stainless steel on 90° elbow

Pitting corrosion was evaluated on stainless steels 304H, 304, and 316L the surfaces of which had ASTM seawater printed on them as a function of surface roughness after exposure to an exemplar realistic atmospheric diurnal cycle for up to one year. Methods to evaluate pitting damage included optical imaging, scanning electron microscopy imaging, profilometry analysis, and polarization scans. The developed cyclic exposure environment did not significantly influence pitting morphology nor depth in comparison to prior static exposure environments. Cross-hatching was observed in a majority of pits for all material compositions with the roughest surface finish (#4 finish) and in all surface finishes for the 304H composition. Evidence is provided that cross-hatched pit morphologies are caused by slip bands produced during the grinding process for the #4 finish or by material processing. Additionally, micro-cracking was observed in pits formed on samples with the #4 surface finish and was greatly reduced or absent for pits formed on samples with smooth surface finishes. This suggests that both a low RH leading to an MgCl2-dominated environment and a rough surface containing significant residual stress are necessary for micro-cracking. Finally, the use of various characterization techniques and cross sectioning was employed to both qualitatively and quantitatively assess pitting damage across all SS compositions and surface finishes.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1149/1945-7111/acc42e/pdf

Influence of Realistic, Cyclic Atmospheric Cycles on the Pitting Corrosion of Austenitic Stainless Steels

Study of the corrosion characteristics of 304 and 316L stainless steel in the static liquid lithium

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Study of the corrosion characteristics of 304 and 316L stainless steel in the static liquid lithium