This article presents a survey of simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) and data fusion techniques for object detection and environmental scene perception in unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). We critically evaluate some current SLAM implementations in robotics and autonomous vehicles and their applicability and scalability to UAVs. SLAM is envisioned as a potential technique for object detection and scene perception to enable UAV navigation through continuous state estimation. In this article, we bridge the gap between SLAM and data fusion in UAVs while also comprehensively surveying related object detection techniques such as visual odometry and aerial photogrammetry. We begin with an introduction to applications where UAV localization is necessary, followed by an analysis of multimodal sensor data fusion to fuse the information gathered from different sensors mounted on UAVs. We then discuss SLAM techniques such as Kalman filters and extended Kalman filters to address scene perception, mapping, and localization in UAVs. The findings are summarized to correlate prevalent and futuristic SLAM and data fusion for UAV navigation, and some avenues for further research are discussed.

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Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) and Data Fusion in Unmanned Aerial Vehicles: Recent Advances and Challenges

In this paper, the design problem of distributed filters is studied for nonlinear systems over sensor networks. At each sensor node, filters are designed by making use of both local measurements and innovation information sent from the neighboring nodes via interaction network. To mitigate adverse effects from abnormal data during transmissions, in the constructed local filters, a mechanism is proposed which utilizes a saturation function to constrain the propagated innovations within a dynamically changeable bound. A neural-network-based algorithm is used for the approximation of the nonlinear dynamics, where the weight matrix is co-designed with the filter gains. By resorting to certain convex optimization techniques, sufficient conditions are determined with respect to the solvability of our addressed problem, which ensure that 1) the estimation errors at each sensor node are confined within a pre-specified ellipsoidal region; and 2) the finite-horizon $H_{\infty }$ performance specification is achieved. Moreover, within the established framework, an optimal problem is established to determine a locally optimal filter gain. Finally, a simulation example is given to demonstrate the correctness of the proposed filtering algorithm.

Neural-Network-Based Filtering for A General Class of Nonlinear Systems under Dynamically Bounded Innovations Over Sensor Networks

In Kalman filter-based spacecraft autonomous celestial navigation, Inertial/Celestial integrated navigation system and asynchronous multi-sensor data fusion, complex environments and sensor alignment errors are likely to lead to inaccurate statistical priors for the noise covariance matrices and the non-zero measurement noise mean vector (MNMV). To address this issue, this paper firstly proposes a Multi-Normal-Inverse Wishart (MNIW) mixture distribution modelling the joint probability density function (PDF) for one-step prediction and measure likelihood, then the MNIW mixture distribution is decomposed into a Gaussian hierarchy, and finally the posterior estimates of the state and variables are obtained using variational Bayesian technique. In this paper, a Multi-Normal-Inverse Wishart mixture distribution-based variational Bayesian extended Kalman filter (VB-EKF) is proposed, in which a first-order Taylor expansion is used to address the non-linear problem. The proposed filter can be used to address non-linear filtering problem with inaccurate noise covariance matrices and measurement bias. Simulations of spacecraft autonomous celestial navigation validate the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed filter. 

Multi-Normal-Inverse Wishart mixture distribution based nonlinear filter with applications

Abstract Traditional adaptive Kalman filtering algorithms based on innovation are often used to solve the problem of reduced or even divergent filtering estimation accuracy under abnormal measurement noise. However, these algorithms are usually characterized by difficulties in selecting window width and window weight, which cannot simultaneously take into account the filtering tracking sensitivity and filtering accuracy. In this paper, an adaptive Kalman filtering algorithm based on maximum likelihood estimation is proposed, which determines the window size and window weight size under the k th moment by designing a window adaptive selection function and a weight function to change the innovation covariance at the k th moment, which in turn changes the measurement noise covariance at the k th moment, so that the measurement noise covariance is no longer a fixed single value, but can better adapt to the changes in the environment, reflecting good adaptive characteristics. The simulation results based on GPS/SINS integrated navigation system demonstrate that the new filtering algorithm of this paper reflects higher filtering accuracy and stronger robustness under the carrier in multiple motion states and accompanied by time-varying measurement noise interference. Compared with the traditional adaptive Kalman filtering algorithm based on innovation, the accuracy of attitude angle estimation error under this method is improved by 119.97%; the accuracy of velocity estimation error is improved by 264.42%; the accuracy of position estimation error is improved by 156.69%. 

An adaptive Kalman filtering algorithm based on maximum likelihood estimation

Nonlinear filtering algorithms have significant implications in the optimal estimation of navigation states and in improving the accuracy, reliability, and robustness of navigation systems. This manuscript surveys the developments of the nonlinear filtering algorithms (extended Kalman filtering (EKF), unscented Kalman filtering (UKF), Cubature Kalman filtering (CKF), particle filtering (PF), neural network filtering (NNF)) and adaptive/robust KF in integrated navigation systems. The principle, application, and existing problems of these nonlinear filtering algorithms are mainly studied, and the comparative analysis and prospect are carried out. 

A Review of Nonlinear Filtering Algorithms in Integrated Navigation Systems

Nowadays, the Inertial Navigation System/Global Navigation Satellite System (INS/GNSS) integrated navigation system is widely used in many applications. The extended Kalman Filter (EKF) is a popula...

SARSA in extended Kalman Filter for complex urban environments positioning

The invention discloses a roadblock unit for controlling vehicle driving behaviors and a roadblock device with any combination size. The roadblock unit comprises a cylindrical barrel, a metal triangular tire puncturing thorn, a tire puncturing thorn telescopic groove, a spring and a tire puncturing thorn rotating shaft, wherein the cylindrical barrel is placed in a pit reserved in engineering. When a vehicle passes through the device in the specific direction, a tire of the vehicle can press down the metal triangular tire puncturing thorn, and the vehicle can normally pass through the device;after the vehicle passes, the metal triangular tire puncturing thorn recovers to the initial state; on the contrary, the metal triangular tire puncturing thorn is blocked by the barrel and cannot retract, and the effect of blocking vehicles is achieved; the roadblock device is composed of the roadblock units, and the roadblock device of any size can be obtained by placing any number of roadblock units in pit positions reserved in engineering. In the later period, vehicles in other directions can be prevented from passing by changing the direction of the cylindrical barrel. The device can be widely applied to traffic obstruction effects of engineering in any size and any direction.

Roadblock unit for controlling vehicle driving behaviors and roadblock device with any combination size

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SARSA in extended Kalman Filter for complex urban environments positioning

Roadblock unit for controlling vehicle driving behaviors and roadblock device with any combination size