This paper introduces the implementation of IEEE 802.22 Wireless Regional Area Network (WRAN) for broadband internet access in rural areas. It highlights the advantage of implementing such technology and feasibility to co-exist with Digital Video Broadcasting – Terrestrial (DVB-T) in Malaysia. It adopts a model to determine the maximum number of WRAN base stations (BSs) by analyzing its co-channel interference between the BSs. The analysis shown that maximum WRAN BSs that could co-exist is 8 to 19 BSs outside the protection contour of the DVB-T BS. Coverage areas of 30 – 100 km will also feasible to co-exist. By implementing the IEEE 802.22 WRAN, the digital divide can be narrowed and broadband penetration would be increased.

Feasibility Study of Using IEEE 802.22 Wireless Regional Area Network (WRAN) in Malaysia

Concomitantly with the progress of wireless communications, cognitive radio has attracted attention as a solution for depleted frequency bands. Cognitive radio is suitable for wireless sensor networks because it reduces collisions and thereby achieves energy-efficient communication. To make cognitive radio practical, we propose a low-power multi-resolution spectrum sensing (MRSS) architecture that has flexibility in sensing frequency bands. The conventional MRSS scheme consumes much power and can be adapted only slightly to process scaling because it comprises analog circuits. In contrast, the proposed architecture carries out signal processing in a digital domain and can detect occupied frequency bands at multiple resolutions and with low power. Our digital MRSS module can be implemented in 180-nm and 65-nm CMOS processes using Verilog-HDL. We confirmed that the processes respectively dissipate 9.97 mW and 3.45 mW.

/pdf/a-low-power-multi-resolution-spectrum-sensing-mrss-15efwm194g.pdf

A Low-Power Multi Resolution Spectrum Sensing (MRSS) Architecture for a Wireless Sensor Network with Cognitive Radio

The provision of adequate broadband access to communities in sparsely populated rural areas has in the past been severely restricted. In this article, we present a wireless broadband access testbed running in the Scottish Highlands and Islands which is based on a relay network of low-power base stations. Base stations are powered by a combination of renewable sources creating a low cost and scalable solution suitable for community ownership. The use of the 5 GHz bands allows the network to offer large data rates and the testing of ultra high frequency "white space" bands provides expansive coverage whilst reducing the number of base stations or required transmission power. We argue that the reliance on renewable power and the intelligent use of frequency bands makes this approach an economic green radio technology which can address the problem of rural broadband access.

/pdf/hopscotch-a-low-power-renewable-energy-base-station-network-4k5k40101v.pdf

HopScotch-a low-power renewable energy base station network for rural broadband access

In this study, an integrated dual port ultra-wide band (UWB) and narrow band (NB) antennas for cognitive radio (CR) application are reviewed. In this paper, a monopole circular antenna is used for UWB sensing antenna fed by coplanar waveguide (CPW) transmission line with rectangular ground plane. The etched “e” shaped micro-strip antenna is basically used for NB as communication purposes, having low surface current density. This integrated antenna is a potential element for CR application, where circular monopole covers the UWB frequency band (3.1GHz to 10.6GHz) for spectrum sensing and NB having two resonant frequencies of 4.8GHz and 5.8GHz for WLAN application in mobile, laptops and wireless adapters operating at Cband. The return loss is less than -10dB in the whole operating band.

Modified UWB Antenna for Cognitive Radio Applications

Employing wireless technologies to provide connectivity for rural areas is an active topic in the academic and industrial communities. In this article we begin by discussing the challenges of rural communications and reviewing existing wireless technologies that have been proposed or implemented for this market. We then focus on an emerging technology, cognitive radio, that promises to be a viable solution for rural communications. The most notable candidate for rural cognitive radio technology is the IEEE 802.22 standard that is currently being developed and is based on time division duplexing, orthogonal frequency division multiple access, and opportunistic use of the VHF/UHF TV bands. We address two important issues that can affect the success of IEEE 802.22 technology in rural deployments, namely, to: • Provide suitable service models • Overcome the problem of long TDD turnaround time in large rural cells For the first issue, we introduce a service model that combines TV broadcasting and data services to facilitate service adoption. For the second issue, we propose an adaptive TDD approach that effectively eliminates the requirement for long TDD turn-around time and thus, increases the efficiency of large-coverage rural networks.

Cognitive radio on tv bands: a new approach to provide wireless connectivity for rural areas

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Cognitive radio on tv bands: a new approach to provide wireless connectivity for rural areas