Photovoltaics for Indoor Energy Harvesting

Accident anticipation attempts to predict whether an accident may occur in advance, which is greatly significant for improving the safety of intelligent vehicles. Most existing approaches integrate the features of accident-relevant agents with spatial information for accident anticipation. However, these approaches ignore the actual spatio-temporal state of missing agents, whether they are occluded or left, which is relevant to accident occurrence. To address this issue, we propose a <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">G raph and <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">S patio-temporal <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">C ontinuity based framework for accident anticipation called GSC, which takes the missing agents into account. Specifically, the proposed GSC maintains the spatio-temporal continuity of missing agents, which are in the occluded spatial state in the process of the graph convolution operation. Besides, we define a novel adjacent matrix to add dynamic features to graph learning. In particular, our adjacent matrix utilizes the historical trajectory of each agent to integrate dynamic information into the original static interaction, which improves the quality of the spatial relation feature for accident anticipation. Experimental results on public datasets demonstrate state-of-the-art performance in the correctness of identifying an accident, which is found to reach over 60%. Our code is available at: <uri xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">https://github.com/ispc-lab/GSC</uri>

GSC: A Graph and Spatio-temporal Continuity Based Framework for Accident Anticipation

The present study is concerned with a complex theoretical and experimental evaluation of the effect of various distribution coefficients on the hydrate crystallization process retrofitted with/without membrane in the process of the capture of carbon dioxide from flue gas (N2 (83.13 mol.%)/CO2 (16.87 mol.%)) at the low-pressure. A batch reactor with a stirrer was used to perform experiments under isothermal conditions of 275.5 K and initial pressure of 3.1 MPa, the aqueous solution with a TBAB concentration of 5.0 wt% in the presence of the 1500 ppm Tween-80 were tested. The following modes were studied: the pressure-dropping separation, separation at the constant pressure, and the continuous hydrate separation. The continuous hydrate separation with/without a membrane was modeled, and its experimental verification was carried out. It was shown that using a two-stage hydrate membrane technology with an increase in the distribution coefficient, the CO2 capture cost per ton decreased and could reach 35 $/ton, with a 92 % CO2 recovery and a CO2 residue flow of 0.4 mol.%. 

CO2 Capture Process Through Hybrid Gas Hydrate - Membrane Technology: Complex Approach for the Transition From Theory to Practice

Natural materials are composed of a limited number of molecular building blocks and their exceptional properties are governed by their hierarchical structure. However, this level of precision is unattainable with current state‐of‐the‐art materials for 3D printing. Herein, new self‐assembled printable materials based on block copolymers (BCPs) enabling precise control of the nanostructure in 3D are presented. In particular, well‐defined BCPs consisting of poly(styrene) (PS) and a polymethacrylate‐based copolymer decorated with printable units are selected as suitable self‐assembled materials and synthesized using controlled radical polymerization. The synthesized library of BCPs are utilized as printable formulations for the fabrication of complex 3D microstructures using two‐photon laser printing. By fine‐tuning the BCP composition and solvent in the formulations, the fabrication of precise 3D nano‐ordered structures is demonstrated for the first time. A key point of this work is the achievement of controlled nano‐order within the entire 3D structures. Thus, imaging of the cross‐sections of the 3D printed samples is performed, enabling the visualization also from the inside. The presented versatile approach is expected to create new avenues for the precise design of functional polymer materials suitable for high‐resolution 3D printing exhibiting tailor‐made nanostructures.

3D Printing Hierarchically Nano‐Ordered Structures

The pace of society development is faster than ever before, and the smart city paradigm has also emerged, which aims to enable citizens to live in more sustainable cities that guarantee well-being and a comfortable living environment. This has been done by a network of new technologies hosted in real time to track the activities and provide smart solutions for the incoming requests or problems of the citizens. One of the most often used methodologies for creating a smart city is the Internet of Things (IoT). Therefore, the IoT-enabled smart city research topic, which consists of many different domains such as transportation, healthcare, and agriculture, has recently attracted increasing attention in the research community. Further, advances in artificial intelligence (AI) significantly contribute to the growth of IoT. In this paper, we first present the smart city concept, the background of smart city development and the components of the IoT-based smart city. This is followed up by a literature review of the research literature on the most recent IoT-enabled smart cities developments and breakthroughs empowered by AI techniques to highlight the current stage, major trends and unsolved challenges of adopting AI-driven IoT technologies for the establishment of desirable smart cities. Finally, we summarize the paper with a discussion of future research to provide recommendations for research direction in the smart city domain. 

Connecting the Indispensable Roles of IoT and Artificial Intelligence in Smart Cities: A Survey

Nanoscopic packing structures crucially determine the charge conduction and the consequent functionalities of organic semiconductors including bulk heterojunctions (BHJs), which are dependent on various processing parameters. Today's high‐performance colloidal quantum dot photovoltaics (CQDPVs) employ functional organic semiconductors as a hole transport layer (HTL). However, the processing of those films replicates a protocol dedicated to high‐performance organic PVs, and thus little is known about how to control the molecular packing structures to maximize the hole extraction function of the HTLs. Herein, it is uncovered that the random‐oriented, but closer‐packed BHJ crystallites, constructed by 1,2‐dichlorobenzene (o‐DCB) as a solvent, allow exceptional charge conduction vertically across the film and restrict diffusion‐driven charge transfer process, enabling ultrafast hole funneling from CQD to BHJ to be extracted. As a result, a power conversion efficiency of 13.66% with high photocurrent >34 mA cm−2 is achieved by employing o‐DCB‐processed BHJ HTL, far exceeding the performance of the CQDPV solely employing neat polymer HTL. A charge conduction mechanism associated with the BHJ HTL structure suppressing the bimolecular recombination is proposed. This works not only suggests key principles to control the packing structures of organic HTLs but also opens a new avenue to boost optoelectronic performance.

Structurally Driven Ultrafast Charge Funneling in Organic Bulk Heterojunction Hole Transport Layer for Efficient Colloidal Quantum Dot Photovoltaics

Outer Sidechain Engineering of Selenophene and Thiophene-Based Y-Series Acceptors to Produce Efficient Indoor Organic Solar Cells

Nanoconfinement of conjugated polymers (CPs) is an effective strategy to control the orientations and orderings of CPs, which determine their electrical properties. We investigate the chain orientations of two crystal polymorphs, Form I and Form II, in poly(3-dodecylthiophene)s (P3DDTs) using a porous anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) template. The control of regioregularity (RR) of P3DDTs results in well-defined Form II/Form I ratios of crystal polymorphs. Interestingly, Form I and Form II crystals show considerably different orientational changes depending on the pore diameter (Dpore) of the porous AAO template. As Dpore decreases from 100 to 30 nm, Form II crystals change their orientations from face-on to edge-on dominant morphologies, whereas Form I crystals consistently exhibit edge-on dominant morphologies. In addition, for a fixed Dpore of 100 nm, temperature-dependent orientational changes of Form I and Form II are investigated. While Form II crystals show a significant orientational change with increasing temperature, Form I crystals only experience chain reconfiguration. This finding provides useful guidelines for achieving the CPs with controlled intermolecular assembly and chain orientations. 

Nanoconfinement-Dependent Chain Orientation of Polymorphs in Poly(3-dodecylthiophene)s

Orientation of an Amphiphilic Copolymer to a Lamellar Structure on a Hydrophobic Surface and Implications for CO
 2
 Capture Membranes

The widespread use of Internet-of-things (IoT) devices has inspired researchers to adopt unique material design strategies to realize efficient indoor organic photovoltaic (OPV) systems. However, despite acceptor halogenation being an effective strategy for modulating OPV properties, studies on the systematic examination of nonfullerene acceptor- (NFA-) OPVs under dim indoor light using the halogenation approach are scarce. This study evaluates the performance of NFA-OPVs under indoor light by employing a halogenation approach with Y6-derivatives. The choice of the chlorination or fluorination unit in an NFA significantly affects the indoor performance of OPVs. The champion OPV devices with a chlorinated acceptor demonstrated excellent power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 25.5% compared to that of the fluorinated acceptor (PCE: 22.5%) under 1000-lx light-emitting-diode (LED) illumination. Moreover, suitable energy levels, satisfactory spectral matching, and improved surface morphology of the chlorinated acceptors resulted in the excellent indoor performance of the OPVs. In addition, acceptor chlorination resulted in high crystallinity and planarity, which facilitated suppressed trap-assisted recombination and low open-circuit voltage (VOC) loss of OPV devices in an indoor environment.

/pdf/dim-indoor-light-photovoltaic-performance-improvement-of-y-figb5tve.pdf

Dim Indoor Light Photovoltaic Performance Improvement of Y-Series Acceptor via Halogenation of Terminal Group

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Structurally Driven Ultrafast Charge Funneling in Organic Bulk Heterojunction Hole Transport Layer for Efficient Colloidal Quantum Dot Photovoltaics

Outer Sidechain Engineering of Selenophene and Thiophene-Based Y-Series Acceptors to Produce Efficient Indoor Organic Solar Cells

Nanoconfinement-Dependent Chain Orientation of Polymorphs in Poly(3-dodecylthiophene)s

Orientation of an Amphiphilic Copolymer to a Lamellar Structure on a Hydrophobic Surface and Implications for CO 2 Capture Membranes

Dim Indoor Light Photovoltaic Performance Improvement of Y-Series Acceptor via Halogenation of Terminal Group