This fully revised fourth edition covers all aspects of the technology of roads and road transport. It forms a comprehensive but accessible reference for all professionals and students interested in roads, road transport and the wide range of disciplines involved with roads. International in scope, it embraces all aspects of urban and rural road technology, drawing on the author's many decades of consulting and operational experience in the financing, planning, design, construction, operation and management of roads in various countries, and is built on a sound theoretical basis. The book begins with coverage of the important procedures involved in the construction of roads, from road planning policies and design considerations to the selection of materials and the building of roads and bridges. It then offers insights into road operating environments that include driver behaviour, traffic flow, lighting and maintenance, and assesses the cost, economics, transport implications and environmental impact of road use. (a)

Handbook of road technology

The yellow light dilemma zone is widely known as an area on the high-speed intersection approach, where vehicles neither safely stop before the stop line nor proceed through the intersection during amber interval. Within such an area, a vehicle might be involved in a right-angle crash or rear-end collision. This issue has been extensively discussed over five decades in traffic engineering field, covering from theory to practice. However, few comprehensive review literatures on the amber signal dilemma zone problems can be found. The objective of this paper is to summarize the evolution of yellow light dilemma zone researches. Basic definition and boundary of dilemma zone followed by driver behavior and dilemma zone hazard measurement are depicted. At last, the future directions of yellow light dilemma zone research are discussed.

Yellow Light Dilemma Zone Researches: a Review

Safety effects of cross-section design for two-lane roads. Volume 1

Intersections are important node points in the road network, ensuring safe and efficient way of maneuvering the traffic. The Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (MORTH) reported in year 2016 that the highest number of road accidents in India happened at intersections accounting for nearly thirty seven percent (37%) of the total crashes that took place. Even though traffic signals are considered to be the most effective way of controlling the traffic, more than 4300 lost their lives at signalized intersections in India. One of the main contributing factor in traffic signal related crashes is the presence of dilemma zone, where a driver becomes indecisive whether to pass or stop at the intersection on the yellow onset. Significant amount of research has been done on the dilemma driver behavior under homogeneous traffic conditions, however little or no research has been found on mixed traffic conditions, where vehicles do vary in physical and dynamic characteristics. The main motive of this study is to investigate the factors influencing the driver behavior in dilemma zone at signalized approaches in India under mixed traffic conditions. Field data was collected at five signalized approaches using video capturing technique to investigate the driver behavior. Frame by frame manual extraction resulted in 1054 driver responses at the yellow onset and binary logistic regression model is developed to represent the observed behavior. Distance from stop line, vehicle’s approach speed and type of intersection were found to be important factors in drivers stop/go decisions. Vehicle type, which is a characteristic of mixed traffic conditions is found to have a significant impact on the driver’s decision at the onset of yellow. The insights from this study findings can be used to enhance the safety and performance of signalized intersections in developing countries.

Analyzing dilemma driver behavior at signalized intersection under mixed traffic conditions

The issue of the dynamic yellow light dilemma zone (DZ) has been raised by researchers for many years. However, quantitative study of the inherent factors contributing to the dynamic DZ remains an issue, perhaps because of the lack of effective means for collecting the trajectory data. This paper presents an analysis of the dynamic characteristics of major contributing factors for Type I DZ and the option zone on the basis of vehicle trajectory data during yellow intervals. The qualified trajectory data of 1,445 vehicles were extracted from 46-h high-resolution videos shot at four high-speed signalized intersections in Ohio with the use of the cost-effective software VEVID, developed and upgraded by the first two authors. The statistical analysis of the obtained trajectory data quantitatively revealed the dynamic nature of major DZ contributing factors. Results indicated that the minimum perception-reaction time of drivers was greatly influenced by speed and could be modeled as a function of the speed. Th...

Quantifying dynamic factors contributing to dilemma zone at high-speed signalized intersections

Driving on the curved road is a common task that many drivers routinely performed, but there is an underlying impact on driver behavior and vehicle maneuverability. Previous studies have shown that driving performance (speed and acceleration) and visual performance (gaze and Useful Field of View (UFOV)), can be critical components of curve analysis. However, with the change of road conditions, there are increasing safety concerns for the driving environment required to determine vehicle safety maneuverability. In this study, we examined how different curved roads influence concurrent-driver driving behavior and vehicle maneuvering performance along a simulated continuously curved road. Twenty-eight participants of different ages and occupations were invited to participate. A structural equation model was established to represent how the road geometry influences driving performance and vehicle maneuverability. The results showed that there are clear differences in driving behavior and vehicle maneuvering performance between the curved road groups. Driver will suffer a more complex driving environment, and must observe more objects, which will result in increasing lane position errors, gazing, and workload, while decreasing speed, acceleration and UFOV.

Analysis of Vehicle Maneuverability and Driving Characteristics on a Curved Road Condition

Traffic accidents at signalized intersections are influenced by many environmental factors, including site layout, traffic volume, and signal operation. However, most traffic accidents are attributable to driver behavior in response to the environment, because responses to the environment vary with drivers' individual characteristics, as observed in the concept of a dilemma zone (DZ) at intersection approaches. For DZ protection, the installation of traffic signals closer to the stop line (i.e., before the intersection) has been proposed in South Korea. Although such proposals have been implemented experimentally, the actual effect of this measure on driver behavior has not yet been investigated. A discrete choice model is used to identify the factors that influence drivers' crossing and stopping behaviors at signalized intersections, under the assumption that traffic safety is at risk if the influence of the signal location is ignored. Two analyses are presented to assess the impact of signal location on...

Analysis of Stopping Behavior at Urban Signalized Intersections: Empirical Study in South Korea

The current procedure of estimating accident reduction benefit applies fixed accident rates for each road level. So that estimating accident reduction benefit is not considering the various characteristics of roadway geometries and traffics. In order to solve the problems mentioned in the above, models were developed considering the characteristics of roadway alignments and traffic characteristics. The developed models can be used to estimate the accident rates on new or improved roads. First of all, factors influence accident rates were selected. Those factors such as traffic volumes, intersections, connecting roads, pedestrian traffic signals, existence of median barrier, lanes are also selected based upon the obtain ability at the planning stage of roads. In this study, roads were classified into 4 groups based on lanes, roads level and the existence of median barriers. The regression analysis had been performed for each group with actual data associated with traffic, roads and accidents.

Development of traffic accident prediction models by traffic and road characteristics in urban areas

http://koreascience.or.kr:80/article/JAKO201509139907070.pdf

CVM을 활용한 DRT 이용요금 가치추정, A Study on Fare Estimation for Demand Responsive Transport

Current driver's perception response time(PR time) in road design is 2.5 seconds. This value is determined by the American Association of State Highway Officials(AASHO) in 1950's. In Korea, this value(2.5 seconds) has been adapted without any Justification. However, since driver's characteristics in Korea are different from ones in US, appropriate verification is needed for applying the foreign standard in Korea. In this paper, the driver's behaviors at signalized intersections have been recorded by video and the collected data are analyzed to find out the driver's perception response time in alerted condition. The results show that the perception response time varies with speeds. In low speeds, the driver's perception response time is longer than one in high speeds. Also, the collected values are compared with the current design standard (2.5 seconds). It shows that 90th percentile of collected data is justified with the current design standard.

A Study of Perception Response Time on Various Operating Speeds

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