The rhizosphere is undoubtedly the most complex microhabitat, comprised of an integrated network of plant roots, soil, and a diverse consortium of bacteria, fungi, eukaryotes, and archaea. The rhizosphere conditions have a direct impact on crop growth and yield. Nutrient-rich rhizosphere environments stimulate plant growth and yield and vice versa. Extensive cultivation exhaust most of the soils which needs to be nurtured before or during next crop. Chemical fertilizers are the major source of crop nutrients but their uncontrolled and widespread usage has posed a serious threat to sustainability of agriculture and stability of ecosystem. These chemicals are accumulated in soil, drained in water, and emitted to the air where they persist for decades causing serious threat to overall ecosystem. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) present in the rhizosphere convert many plant-unavailable essential nutrients e.g., nitrogen, phosphorous, zinc etc. into available forms. PGPR produce certain plant growth hormones (such as auxin, cytokinin, and gibberellin), cell lytic enzymes (chitinase, protease, hydrolases etc.), secondary metabolites and antibiotics, and stress alleviating compounds (e.g., 1-Aminocyclopropane-1- carboxylate deaminase), chelating agents (siderophores). They different signaling compouds (e.g., N-Acyl homoserine lactones to interaction with the beneficial or pathogenic counterparts in the rhizosphere. These multifarious activities of PGPR improve the soil structure, health, fertility and functioning which directly or indirectly support plant growth under normal and stressed environments. Rhizosphere engineering with these PGPR has a wide ranging application not only for crop fertilization but developing eco-friendly sustainable agriculture. Due to severe climate change effects on plants and rhizosphere biology, there is growing interest in stress-resilient PGPM and their subsequent application to induce stress (drought, salinity, and heat) tolerance mechanism in plants. This review describes the three components of rhizosphere engineering with an explicit focus on the broader perspective of PGPM that could facilitate rhizosphere engineering in selected hosts to serve as an efficient component for sustainable agriculture.

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Rhizosphere Engineering With Plant Growth-Promoting Microorganisms for Agriculture and Ecological Sustainability

Synergistic association of endophytic fungi enhances Glycine max L. resilience to combined abiotic stresses: Heavy metals, high temperature and drought stress

The plant-growth promoting bacteria promote cadmium uptake by inducing a hormonal crosstalk and lateral root formation in a hyperaccumulator plant Sedum alfredii.

Phytohormones enabled endophytic Penicillium funiculosum LHL06 protects Glycine max L. from synergistic toxicity of heavy metals by hormonal and stress-responsive proteins modulation.

Multifunctional role of Actinobacteria in agricultural production sustainability: A review.

In the soil ecosystem, microbial diversity exists and these diverse organisms interact with plant roots and influence the physicochemical properties of plants. Some of these diverse microorganisms can cause diseases or can provide beneficial interactions with plants. Rhizobacteria are well-known beneficial microorganism that colonize the plant root zone (rhizosphere) and are referred to as plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) that contribute to the promotion of plant growth either directly or indirectly. PGPRs are also known for their biocontrol abilities. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, an Ascomycetous soil inhabiting fungus, causes white rot disease in cucumbers. This disease results in the loss of millions of dollars annually. The current study was conducted to isolate naturally occurring soil inhabiting bacteria that may promote plant growth under diseased conditions and also antagonize the pathogen. The isolated LH4 strain was identified as Streptomyces sp. by 16S rRNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. The plant growth promoting effects and the antifungal antagonistic activities against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum were confirmed by measuring enzymatic activity of LH4 and demonstration in planta. In addition, Streptomyces sp. LH4 pure culture application exhibited significant growth inhibition of S. sclerotiorum in cucumber. Analysis of the major hormones related to pathogen defense; the jasmonic acid, and salicylic acid, showed that the modulation of these two hormones increased disease resistance in cucumber. The present study suggests a possible dual role of Streptomyces sp. LH4 as functional material for bio-fertilizer and biocontrol against pathogens.

Streptomyces sp. LH 4 promotes plant growth and resistance against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in cucumber via modulation of enzymatic and defense pathways

Brassica rapa (Chinese cabbage) is an essential component of traditional Korean food. However, the crop is often subject to zinc (Zn+) toxicity from contaminated irrigation water, which, as a result, compromises plant growth and production, as well as the health of human consumers. The present study investigated the bioaccumulation of Zn+ by Burkholderia cepacia CS2-1 and its effect on the heavy metal tolerance of Chinese cabbage. Strain CS2-1 was identified and characterized on the basis of 16S rRNA sequences and phylogenetic analysis. The strain actively produced indole-3-acetic acid (3.08 ± 0.21 μg/ml) and was also able to produce siderophore, solubilize minerals, and tolerate various concentrations of Zn+. The heavy metal tolerance of B. rapa plants was enhanced by CS2-1 inoculation, as indicated by growth attributes, Zn+ uptake, amino acid synthesis, antioxidant levels, and endogenous hormone (ABA and SA) synthesis. Without inoculation, the application of Zn+ negatively affected the growth and physiology of B. rapa plants. However, CS2-1 inoculation improved plant growth, lowered Zn+ uptake, altered both amino acid regulation and levels of flavonoids and phenolics, and significantly decreased levels of superoxide dismutase, endogenous abscisic acid, and salicylic acid. These findings indicate that B. cepacia CS2-1 is suitable for bioremediation against Zn+-induced oxidative stress.

Metabolism-mediated induction of zinc tolerance in Brassica rapa by Burkholderia cepacia CS2-1

This study aims to investigate the role of Paenibacillus terrae AY-38 to produce bioactive metabolites and to counteract pathogenic infections caused by B. cinerea. The pure culture of P. terrae (AY-38) showed the secretion of significant amount of IAA (indole-3-acetic acid) (109.57 ± 3.2 µg mL−1). The AY-38 strain also produced siderophore and glucanase, while in the in vitro test, it showed significant antagonism to Botrytis cinerea. In the in vivo plant experiment, the sole application of AY-38 significantly improved plant growth (plant height and leaf area), while in B. cinerea infected plants, AY-38 inoculation not only decreased the disease incidence on leaves and fruits but also reprogramed the plants for higher growth. AY-38 treatments promoted and rescued plant growth by modulating the defence responses of endogenous hormones, such as jasmonic and salicylic acids. Our findings concluded that P. terrae possesses great potential as a possible biocontrol agent against B. cinerea-induced path...

https://tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/17429145.2017.1319502

Paenibacillus terrae AY-38 resistance against Botrytis cinerea in Solanum lycopersicum L. plants through defence hormones regulation

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Streptomyces sp. LH 4 promotes plant growth and resistance against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in cucumber via modulation of enzymatic and defense pathways

Metabolism-mediated induction of zinc tolerance in Brassica rapa by Burkholderia cepacia CS2-1

Paenibacillus terrae AY-38 resistance against Botrytis cinerea in Solanum lycopersicum L. plants through defence hormones regulation