A non-invasive system for characterizing and classifying the state and structure of a tissue sample operates on a near infrared absorbance spectrum of in vivo tissue. A method that uses near-infrared spectral measurements to characterize and classify the state and structure of tissue sampled based on absorbance features related to fat in adipose tissue is provided. Also provided is a method of estimating skin fold thickness. The approach provides information about sources of tissue variability and is therefore useful for establishing the general category of the tissue structure. Categorization of subjects on the basis of the determination is suitable for further spectral analysis and the measurement of biological and chemical compounds, such as blood analytes. The invention further provides a method of estimating percent body fat based on a skin fold thickness estimate. The invention also provides an apparatus for measuring the absorbance spectra coupled with a digital processor for performing the required analyses.

Classification and characterization of tissue through features related to adipose tissue

Acoustic volume indicators for determining liquid or gas volume within a container comprise a contactor to vibrate a container wall, a detector to receive vibration data from the container wall, a processor to convert vibration data to frequency information and compare the frequency information to characteristic container frequency vs volume data to obtain the measured volume, and an indicator for displaying the measured volume The processor may comprise a microprocessor disposed within a housing having lights that each represent a particular volume The microprocessor is calibrated to provide an output signal to a light that indicates the container volume The processor may comprise a computer and computer program that converts the data to frequency information, analyzes the frequency information to identify a peak frequency, compares the peak frequency to the characteristic frequency vs volume data to determine the measured volume, and displays the measured volume on a video monitor

Acoustic volume indicator

The quantity of fuel in a fuel tank 1 is measured by determining the displacement of a membrane 19 and pressure values from a sensor 13. The displacement values of the membrane are representative of volume changes in a gas chamber in the tank 1 while the pressure values in the sensor 13 are representative of the pressure of the gas chamber. With these values, the fuel content in the gas tank can be determined from the general equation of state of an ideal gas. In order to displace the membrane 19, an electric motor 20 drives a step down transmission 25 which in turn drives a spindle mechanism 22 which is coupled to the membrane 19.

Apparatus for measuring the fraction of liquid fuel in a fuel tank

An entrapped gas measuring apparatus includes a reservoir housing with a reservoir which is adapted to receive a material sample and to expand according to an expansion of the material sample when a negative pressure is applied externally to the reservoir. A parameter indicating the change in volume of the reservoir during the expansion, such as the actual change of volume of the reservoir or a change in position of a moveable wall which at least in part defines the reservoir, is detected by a detector. A processor coupled to the detector is used to determine the amount of entrapped gas based upon the detected parameter. The amount of entrapped gas determined by the processor may be the percent volume of the entrapped gas in relation to the overall volume of the sample, or may be the actual volume of the entrapped gas in the sample. Based at least in-part upon the measured amount of entrapped gas within the sample, the processor is further adapted to determine at least one of: percent volume of the substrate in the sample in relation to the overall volume of the sample; actual volume of the substrate in the sample; or density of the sample or substrate within the sample. The entrapped gas measuring apparatus may be used to produce a material having a known amount of entrapped gas by: making a first material according to a first method and which has a first amount of entrapped gas; applying a negative pressure to the sample such that the sample expands from a first volume to a second volume; detecting a parameter which is indicative of the change of sample volume under the applied negative pressure; comparing the detected parameter with a predetermined range for the parameter; and, if the detected parameter is not within the predetermined range, making a second material according to a second method which has a second amount of entrapped gas that is within the predetermined range.

Apparatus and method for determining the amount of entrapped gas in a material

A system and a method are provided for monitoring a patient. The system receives information relating to weight and/or LBM of a patient as well as other clinical and medical variable may be input relating to the patient. Warning levels or alert levels are input to the system such that a patient or clinician is immediately notified upon the patient reaching such levels. The system provides local transmission to a patient or remote transmission to, for example, a clinician of the patient or the like. The system and method are particularly useful for patients with chronic disease such that the dynamic nutritional status may be closely monitored and analyzed and ultimately addressed when significant changes occur.

System and method for monitoring and analyzing dynamic nutritional status in patients with chronic disease

An aneroid volume determining system includes an airtight chamber for holding a subject whose volume is to be detected; a volume adjuster including an inflatable container for varying the pressure in the chamber; sensing equipment including a pressure transducer for sensing the pressure in the chamber in the deflated and inflated states of the container; and controlling equipment, which can calculate the volume of the subject in response to the pressure sensed in the chamber with and without the subject present in the chamber and which equipment provides control signals to the volume adjuster for automatically controlling the inflation and deflation of the inflatable container.

Aneroid volume determining system

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Aneroid volume determining system