BABAR, the detector for the SLAC PEP-II asymmetric e+e- B Factory operating at the upsilon 4S resonance, was designed to allow comprehensive studies of CP-violation in B-meson decays. Charged particle tracks are measured in a multi-layer silicon vertex tracker surrounded by a cylindrical wire drift chamber. Electromagentic showers from electrons and photons are detected in an array of CsI crystals located just inside the solenoidal coil of a superconducting magnet. Muons and neutral hadrons are identified by arrays of resistive plate chambers inserted into gaps in the steel flux return of the magnet. Charged hadrons are identified by dE/dx measurements in the tracking detectors and in a ring-imaging Cherenkov detector surrounding the drift chamber. The trigger, data acquisition and data-monitoring systems, VME- and network-based, are controlled by custom-designed online software. Details of the layout and performance of the detector components and their associated electronics and software are presented.

The BABAR detector

NiO has been analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) analysis, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) for bulk-scale and nanosized polycrystalline samples. XAFS indicates that the 5- and 25-nm NiO materials show bulk-like structural properties, with the exception of a lattice contraction, relative to the bulk material, and exhibit the anticipated decrease in average coordination numbers typically observed for nanoparticle systems. Carefully calibrated high-resolution XRD measurements confirm the lattice contraction for the nanoparticles. XPS also indicates the surface of NiO is comparable across the size scale for both binding energies and characteristic Ni 2p satellite structure. Detailed examination of the Ni 2p and O 1s regions reveals that hydroxylation upon prolonged exposure to the ambient causes a noticeable change in the Ni 2p peak shape that could be misinterpreted as an artifact of particle size.

Comparison of Nanoscaled and Bulk NiO Structural and Environmental Characteristics by XRD, XAFS, and XPS

Hybrid organic–inorganic perovskites emerged as a new generation of absorber materials for high-efficiency low-cost solar cells in 2009. Very recently, fully inorganic perovskite quantum dots also led to promising efficiencies, making them a potentially stable and efficient alternative to their hybrid cousins. Currently, the record efficiency is obtained with CsPbI3, whose crystallographical characterization is still limited. Here, we show through high-resolution in situ synchrotron XRD measurements that CsPbI3 can be undercooled below its transition temperature and temporarily maintained in its perovskite structure down to room temperature, stabilizing a metastable perovskite polytype (black γ-phase) crucial for photovoltaic applications. Our analysis of the structural phase transitions reveals a highly anisotropic evolution of the individual lattice parameters versus temperature. Structural, vibrational, and electronic properties of all the experimentally observed black phases are further inspected base...

/pdf/anharmonicity-and-disorder-in-the-black-phases-of-cesium-3cz1my8br3.pdf

Anharmonicity and Disorder in the Black Phases of Cesium Lead Iodide Used for Stable Inorganic Perovskite Solar Cells

The BaBar detector

The new generation of gravitational waves detectors require unprecedented levels of isolation from seismic noise. This article reviews the seismic isolation strategy and instrumentation developed for the Advanced LIGO observatories. It summarizes over a decade of research on active inertial isolation and shows the performance recently achieved at the Advanced LIGO observatories. The paper emphasizes the scientific and technical challenges of this endeavor and how they have been addressed. An overview of the isolation strategy is given. It combines multiple layers of passive and active inertial isolation to provide suitable rejection of seismic noise at all frequencies. A detailed presentation of the three active platforms that have been developed is given. They are the hydraulic pre-isolator, the single-stage internal isolator and the two-stage internal isolator. The architecture, instrumentation, control scheme and isolation results are presented for each of the three systems. Results show that the seismic isolation sub-system meets Advanced LIGO's stringent requirements and robustly supports the operation of the two detectors.

/pdf/seismic-isolation-of-advanced-ligo-review-of-strategy-50bvznopuo.pdf

Seismic isolation of Advanced LIGO: Review of strategy, instrumentation and performance

The Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System (EPICS), has been used at a number of sites for performing data acquisition, supervisory control, closed-loop control, sequential control, and operational optimization. The EPICS architecture was originally developed by a group with diverse backgrounds in physics and industrial control. The current architecture represents one instance of the “standard model”. It provides distributed processing and communication from any local area network (LAN) device to the front end controllers. This paper presents the current architecture, performance envelope, current installations, and planned extensions for requirements not met by the current architecture.

/pdf/the-experimental-physics-and-industrial-control-system-10rm558cao.pdf

The Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System architecture: Past, present, and future

CEBAF is in the process of migrating its accelerator and experimental hall control systems to one based upon EPICS, a control system toolkit developed by a collaboration among several DOE laboratories in the US. The new system design interfaces existing CAMAC hardware via a CAMAC serial highway to VME-based I/O controllers running the EPICS software; future additions and upgrades will for the most part go directly into VME. The decision to use EPICS followed difficulties in scaling the CEBAF-developed TACL system to full machine operation. TACL and EPICS share many design concepts, facilitating the conversion of software from one toolkit to the other. In particular, each supports graphical entry of algorithms built up from modular code, graphical displays with a display editor, and a client-server architecture with name-based I/O. During the migration, TACL and EPICS will interoperate through a socket-based I/O gateway. As part of a collaboration with other laboratories, CEBAF will add relational database support for system management and high level applications support. Initial experience with EPICS is presented, along with a plan for the full migration which is expected to be finished next year.

The CEBAF accelerator control system: migrating from a TACL to an EPICS based system

The Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System (EPICS) collaboration now consists of many accelerator, astronomy and particle detector projects. Many of these groups contribute code to the collaboration. The interest of the sponsoring laboratory is always the primary driver in decisions about developing new code. As a side affect of meeting the needs of a given project, the collaboration receives new developments. This paper will study the overall composition of EPICS with regards to distributed development, the sociological and technical environment in which these developments are made, the problems in distributed software development, and the benefits of developing software at multiple sites.

Distributed Software Development in the EPICS Collaboration

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Papers

The Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System architecture: Past, present, and future

The CEBAF accelerator control system: migrating from a TACL to an EPICS based system

Distributed Software Development in the EPICS Collaboration