We present the science and technology roadmap for graphene, related two-dimensional crystals, and hybrid systems, targeting an evolution in technology, that might lead to impacts and benefits reaching into most areas of society. This roadmap was developed within the framework of the European Graphene Flagship and outlines the main targets and research areas as best understood at the start of this ambitious project. We provide an overview of the key aspects of graphene and related materials (GRMs), ranging from fundamental research challenges to a variety of applications in a large number of sectors, highlighting the steps necessary to take GRMs from a state of raw potential to a point where they might revolutionize multiple industries. We also define an extensive list of acronyms in an effort to standardize the nomenclature in this emerging field.

/pdf/science-and-technology-roadmap-for-graphene-related-two-4q9m7czlkc.pdf

Science and technology roadmap for graphene, related two-dimensional crystals, and hybrid systems

Thin-film electronics in its myriad forms has underpinned much of the technological innovation in the fields of displays, sensors, and energy conversion over the past four decades. This technology also forms the basis of flexible electronics. Here we review the current status of flexible electronics and attempt to predict the future promise of these pervading technologies in healthcare, environmental monitoring, displays and human-machine interactivity, energy conversion, management and storage, and communication and wireless networks.

Flexible Electronics: The Next Ubiquitous Platform

Publisher Summary This chapter is concerned with the meat of mammals. Studies on the water-holding capacity (WHC) of the flesh of poultry and fish are also taken into consideration. Binding of water by muscle proteins and water-holding capacity of meat have been described. Methods appropriate for study of the WHC concern differences in the immobilization of “free” water. Most such methods are based on measuring the loose water liberated by applying pressure on the muscle tissue. The pressure can be produced in different ways: normal acceleration by gravity, increased acceleration of gravity, filtration, or pressing between two plates. The influence of pH on the WHC of meat has been studied because in this way the importance of protein charges to the hydration of muscle proteins is recognized. Moreover, such a study gives information of practical importance because the storage and processing of meat are usually accompanied by changes of pH. Metals such as magnesium, calcium, and zinc, which are in meat by nature, have an important influence on water-holding capacity in spite of their relatively low concentration. The chapter discusses animal factors affecting meat hydration and with respect to species, sex, age, grade, breeding, and muscle. The influence of the health, feeding, and treatment of animals during transport and before slaughtering is of importance in the hydration of muscle. Numerous experiments have been conducted on producing meat of a high pH and consequently, of a high WHC by certain treatments before slaughter in order to prevent weight losses during freezing and thawing, transport, storage, cooking, etc. Under post-mortem changes in meat hydration, effect of adenosine triphosphate, phase of rigor mortis, and phase of aging have been studied. The chapter discusses factors affecting hydration of aged meat and components of meat such as moisture proteins fat connective tissue.

Biochemistry Of Meat Hydration

We present a new technology for enhancing touch interfaces with tactile feedback. The proposed technology is based on the electrovibration principle, does not use any moving parts and provides a wide range of tactile feedback sensations to fingers moving across a touch surface. When combined with an interactive display and touch input, it enables the design of a wide variety of interfaces that allow the user to feel virtual elements through touch. We present the principles of operation and an implementation of the technology. We also report the results of three controlled psychophysical experiments and a subjective user evaluation that describe and characterize users' perception of this technology. We conclude with an exploration of the design space of tactile touch screens using two comparable setups, one based on electrovibration and another on mechanical vibrotactile actuation.

TeslaTouch: electrovibration for touch surfaces

The structure of F-actin and of actin filaments isolated from muscle

Action Potentials and Pressure Changes in Ureteral Peristaltic Waves

Transmembrane action potentials and contractions were recorded from pieces of human atrial muscle stimulated electrically in Krebs solution. These preparations exhibit a new type of behavior characterized by periodic "cycling" between two phases: high-phase contractions are two to eight times those in low phase, and action potentials have two or more spikes. The phenomenon can occur in a piece of any size, and is most likely at temperatures between 20 C and 33 C. Acetylcholine weakens contractions, reduces duration of action potential (AP) plateau, and usually abolishes double spikes and cycling; this suggests relatively low K+ permeability during the long low plateau. Epinephrine shortens the cycling period and makes low- and high-phase contractions more nearly equal; additional epinephrine leads to bizarre APs and spontaneous activity. This behavior of human atrial tissue reflects intrinsic capabilities of the cell membrane not previously observed in heart. General hypotheses are proposed to account for the double-spiked APs, for cycling, and for relations between the unique contraction patterns and AP configurations.

Transmembrane action potentials and contractions of human atrial muscle.

Simultaneous recordings were made of action potential (AP) and contractile strength (CS) of electrically driven isolated left atria of guinea pigs at 25–27 C under various experimental conditions w...

Action potentials of guinea pig atria under conditions which alter contraction.

EDTA relaxation of glycerol-treated muscle fibers, and the effects of magnesium, calcium and manganese ions.

The effect of ureteral anastomosis upon conduction of peristaltic waves: an electro-ureterographic study.

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