Sources of Ethnic Inequality in Vietnam

In recent years, the role of institutions for development has received considerable attention from development researchers, policy makers and practitioners. This paper reviews the evidence on the impact of institutions on growth and other development outcomes. Most of the reviewed studies find a strong positive correlation between the quality and performance of institutions on the one hand and development outcomes on the other. However, due to various methodological approaches and conceptual problems, the evidence on causation is still thin. To address some of the identified weaknesses, the paper proposes an innovative analytical framework that maps out channels of influence between institutions and development outcomes. The developed framework stresses the idea that institutions do not stand alone but are embedded in a local setting influenced by historical trajectories and culture. Studies analysing the impact of institutions on development outcomes need to take into account the ...

Institutions and development: a critical review

Introduction The Nature of Economic Transition Historical Context Basic Constraints: Natural, Human, and Organizational Development Strategy Markets and Sectors Social Aspects, Equity, and the New Development Model Accumulation, Savings, and Market Development: Processes of Change Reconsidered Macroeconomic Stability: The Role of the State Conclusions: Tiger on a Bicycle?

https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/E09FE466753E208287B9E9DD0800C077/S0021911800030928a.pdf/div-class-title-span-class-italic-from-plan-to-market-the-economic-transition-in-vietnam-span-edited-by-adam-fforde-and-stefan-de-vylder-boulder-colo-westview-press-1996-xv-348-pp-54-95-cloth-19-95-paper-div.pdf

From Plan to Market: The Economic Transition in Vietnam . Edited by Adam Fforde and Stefan de Vylder. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1996. xv, 348 pp. $54.95 (cloth); $19–95 (paper).

China's economy has expanded by leaps and bounds, with dazzling progress since it first opened to foreign investment and reform in 1978. Over the last 25 years and after a long period of economic autarky, the country has emerged as a major player in world trade. Its accession to the World Trade Organisation (WTO) in 2001 was a milestone. China presents both a threat and an opportunity for Latin American emerging markets. On average and despite some exceptions, Latin America is a clear trade winner from Chinese global integration. This contribution studies China's exporting and importing structure, using a database of 620 different goods. It builds twoindices of trade competition to compare Chinese impacts over 1998-2004 on 34 economies, of which 15 are Latin American. The results generally confirm that there is no relevant trade competition between China and Latin America. Not surprisingly, countries that export mainly commodities face lower competition, because China is a net importer of raw materials. But the emergence of China is also a wake-up call for Latin American countries. More reforms are needed, especially in infrastructures if the region wishes to maintain its comparative advantages. Latin America will have also to deal with the Chinese bonanza. The dark side of this windfall isthe risk of being stuck out of the global value chain in a raw material corner.

Angel or Devil: China's Trade Impact on Latin American Emerging Markets

This report evaluates the evidence on how migration may promote or hinder development in countries of origin, and explores possible win-win solutions for both sending and receiving countries. The analysis of recent OECD data of foreign-born nationals into Europe documents the presence of multiple migration patterns and reveals that the EU lags significantly behind the United States in attracting highly-skilled migrants who originate mostly from Africa. Reviewing the analytical and empirical evidence on the economic and social costs and benefits of migration and remittances for sending countries reveals that migration can generate substantial direct and indirect gains for sending countries via employment generation, human capital accumulation, remittances, diaspora networks and return migration. Policy coherence across various policies including migration, trade, investment and development cooperation can augment these gains. Major challenges for EU policymaking to maximise the gains from migration for both sending and receiving countries could include better management of migration and human resources, smart visa policies to facilitate circular migration and greater synergies between migration and development assistance programmes in the context of poverty reduction strategy initiatives.

Effects of Migration on Sending Countries: What Do We Know?

Reform in Viet Nam is a protracted process. Beginning in 1979, it experienced both advances and reversals until 1986, a sudden acceleration in 1989-91, then gradualism hampered by a deepening entrenchment of interests in positions both for and against further liberalisation. A stop-go cycle has developed in which the new incentives and opportunities resulting from reform are sufficient to block broad reversion to earlier phases, but comprehensive advances would seem to depend on the occurrence of deeply unfavourable shocks. When crisis has seriously undermined performance, leaders have embraced reform to shore up legitimacy, while in good times they have tended to disagree over the long-term risks of reform and how to deal with those risks ...

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The politics and economics of transition to an open market economy in Viet Nam

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The politics and economics of transition to an open market economy in Viet Nam