Legitimacy is a psychological property of an authority, institution, or social arrangement that leads those connected to it to believe that it is appropriate, proper, and just. Because of legitimacy, people feel that they ought to defer to decisions and rules, following them voluntarily out of obligation rather than out of fear of punishment or anticipation of reward. Being legitimate is important to the success of authorities, institutions, and institutional arrangements since it is difficult to exert influence over others based solely upon the possession and use of power. Being able to gain voluntary acquiescence from most people, most of the time, due to their sense of obligation increases effectiveness during periods of scarcity, crisis, and conflict. The concept of legitimacy has a long history within social thought and social psychology, and it has emerged as increasingly important within recent research on the dynamics of political, legal, and social systems.

Psychological perspectives on legitimacy and legitimation.

This study illuminates how new markets emerge and how social movements can effect cultural change through market creation. We suggest that social movements can fuel solutions to three challenges in creating new market segments: entrepreneurial production, the creation of collective producer identities, and the establishment of regular exchange between producers and consumers. We use qualitative data on the grassroots coalition movement that has spurred a market for grass-fed meat and dairy products in the United States since the early 1990s. Our analysis shows that the movement's participants mobilized broad cultural codes and that these codes motivated producers to enter and persist in a nascent market, shaped their choices about production and exchange technologies, enabled a collective identity, and formed the basis of the products' exchange value.

Forage for thought: Mobilizing codes in the movement for grass-fed meat and dairy products

Legitimacy is a concept meant to capture the beliefs that bolster willing obedience. The authors model legitimacy as a sense of obligation or willingness to obey authorities (value-based legitimacy) that then translates into actual compliance with governmental regulations and laws (behavioral legitimacy). The focus is on the factors that elicit this sense of obligation and willingness to comply in a way that supports rational-legal authority. The framework posits that legitimacy has two antecedent conditions: trustworthiness of government and procedural justice. Using African survey data, the authors model the relationship between the existence of a relatively effective, fair, and trustworthy government and beliefs that government deserves deference to its rules. The authors find considerable evidence of a link between the extent of the trustworthiness of government and procedural justice and citizens’ willingness to defer to the police, courts, and tax department in a wide range of African societies.

/pdf/conceptualizing-legitimacy-measuring-legitimating-beliefs-169x8qvcc2.pdf

Conceptualizing Legitimacy, Measuring Legitimating Beliefs:

Dealing with the game-changing technologies of Agriculture 4.0: How do we manage diversity and responsibility in food system transition pathways?

David Baltimore, Premio Nobel de microbiologia e que trabalha no MIT, afirmou num momento de euforia alguns anos atras que, considerando as tecnicas disponiveis e algumas outras promissoras sendo desenvolvidas e testadas, "nos podemos fazer a Evolucao" com melhores resultados do que os ate aqui obtidos pela Natureza. Ele referia-se a nova biotecnologia. A caracteristica fundamental dessa nova e "man-made" evolucao e que ela e passivel de patente, o que certamente encerra inumeras questoes, tanto de âmbito tecnico e economico como, e principalmente, de cunho social.

/pdf/first-the-seed-the-political-economy-of-plant-biotechnology-2hca249qh2.pdf

First the seed; the political economy of plant biotechnology

Popular commentaries suggest that the movement against genetic engineering in agriculture (anti-GE movement) was born in Europe, rooted in European cultural approaches to food, and sparked by recent food-safety scares such as “mad cow” disease. Yet few realize that the anti-GE movement's origins date back thirty years, that opposition to agricultural biotechnology emerged with the technology itself, and that the movement originated in the United States rather than Europe. We argue here that neither the explosion of the GE food issue in the late 1990s nor the concomitant expansion of the movement can be understood without recognizing the importance of the intellectual work carried out by a “critical community” of activists during the two-decade-long period prior to the 1990s. We show how these early critics forged an oppositional ideology and concrete set of grievances upon which a movement could later be built. Our analysis advances social movement theory by establishing the importance of the intellectual work that activists engage in during the “proto-mobilizational” phase of collective action, and by identifying the cognitive and social processes by which activists develop a critical, analytical framework. Our elaboration of four specific dimensions of idea/ideology formation pushes the literature toward a more complete understanding of the role of ideas and idea-makers in social movements, and suggests a process of grievance construction that is more “organic” than strategic (pace the framing literature).

Ideas, thinkers, and social networks: The process of grievance construction in the anti-genetic engineering movement

Limits of the New Green Revolution for Africa: Reconceptualising gendered agricultural value chains

Making Biotech HistorySocial Resistance to Agricultural Biotechnology and the Future of the Biotechnology Industry

Chain (Re)actions: Comparing Activist Mobilization Against Biotechnology in Britain and the U.S.

“Making Biotech History: Social Resistance to Agricultural Biotechnology and the Future of the Agricultural Biotechnology Industry: Biotechnology and Its Discontents

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