Sex differences in running economy (gross oxygen cost of running, CR), maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), anaerobic threshold (Than), percentage utilization of aerobic power (% VO2max), and Than during running were investigated. There were six men and six women aged 20–30 years with a performance time of 2 h 40 min over the marathon distance. The VO2max, Than, and CR were measured during controlled running on a treadmill at 1° and 3° gradient. From each subject's recorded time of running in the marathon, the average speed (v
M) was calculated and maintained during the treadmill running for 11 min. The VO2 max was inversely related to body mass (m
b), there were no sex differences, and the mean values of the reduced exponent were 0.65 for women and 0.81 for men. These results indicate that for running the unit ml·kg−0.75·min−1 is convenient when comparing individuals with different m
b. The VO2max was about 10% (23 ml·kg−0.75·min−1) higher in the men than in the women. The women had on the average 10–12 ml·kg−0.75·min−1 lower VO2 than the men when running at comparable velocities. Disregarding sex, the mean value of CR was 0.211 (SEM 0.005) ml·kg−1·m−1 (resting included), and was independent of treadmill speed. No sex differences in Than expressed as % VO2max or percentage maximal heart rate were found, but Than expressed as VO2 in ml·kg−0.75·min−1 was significantly higher in the men compared to the women. The percentage utilization of f
emax and concentration of blood lactate at v
M was higher for the female runners. The women ran 2 days more each week than the men over the first 4 months during the half year preceding the marathon race. It was concluded that the higher VO2max and Than in the men was compensated for by more running, superior CR, and a higher exercise intensity during the race in the performance-matched female marathon runners.

Maximal oxygen uptake, anaerobic threshold and running economy in women and men with similar performances level in marathons

Six male and six female runners were chosen on the basis of age (20–30 years) and their performance over the marathon distance (mean time = 199.4, SEM 2.3 min for men and 201.8, SEM 1.8 min for women). The purpose was to find possible sex differences in maximal aerobic power (VO2max), anaerobic threshold, running economy, degree and utilization of VO2max (when running a marathon) and amount of training. The results showed that performance-matched male and female marathon runners had approximately the same VO2max (about 60 ml·kg−1·min−1). For both sexes the anaerobic threshold was reached at an exercise intensity of about 83% of VO2max, or 88%–90% of maximal heart rate. The females' running economy was poorer, i.e. their oxygen uptake during running at a standard submaximal speed was higher (P<0.05). The heart rate, respiratory exchange ratio and blood lactate concentration also confirmed that a given running speed resulted in higher physiological. strain for the females. The percentage utilization of VO2max at the average marathon running speed was somewhat higher for the females, but the difference was not significant. For both sexes the oxygen uptake at average speed was 93%–94% of the oxygen uptake corresponding to the anaerobic threshold. Answers to a questionnaire showed that the females' training programme over the last 2 months prior to running the actual marathon comprised almost twice as many kilometres of running per week compared to the males (60 and 33 km, respectively). The better state of training of the females was also confirmed by a 10% higher VO2max, in relation to lean body mass than that of the male runners. Apart from the well-known variation in height and differences in the percentage of fat, the difference between performance-matched male and female marathon runners seemed primarily to be found in running economy and amount of training.

Sex differences in performance-matched marathon runners.

Our study investigated endurance performances in a performance-matched(running 42.2 km) group of females (N = 10) and males (N = 10). The distances examined were 10 km, 21.1 km, 42.2 km, and 90 km. Measurements included ˙VO2max, running economy, lactate accumulation, and running speeds. Alth

Differences in ultra-endurance exercise in performance-matched male and female runners.

Feasibility of improving running economy.

Gender differences in the systolic blood pressure response to exercise.

Eight male and eight female runners were matched on performance in a 24.2 km (15 mile) road race (X time ± SD = 115.1 ± 2.2 min for females, 115.8 ± 3.2 min for males). All subjects completed a graded treadmill run during which [Vdot]O 2 and heart rate (HR) were monitored at several submaximal running speeds and at maximal exercise. Blood samples, collected at rest and 3 min after maximal exercise, were analyzed for hematocrit and hemoglobin (Hb), lactic acid (LA) and 2,3-diphosphoglyceric acid (2,3-DPG) concentrations. Body composition was assessed via hydrostatic weighing. Group comparisons revealed that the males were taller, heavier, and higher in Hb than the females (p .05). 2,3-DPG was higher in the females when expressed relative to Hb (p < .05). These data i...

A Physiological Comparison of Performance-Matched Female and Male Distance Runners

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A Physiological Comparison of Performance-Matched Female and Male Distance Runners