Nano-fabrication is not new to the manufacturers of superconducting wires, in fact the dominant commercial superconductor, Nb-Ti, relies on a mechanically induced nano-structure for its remarkable properties. In this paper we show how these wires are manufactured so that their microstructure achieves the same scale as the superconducting vortex spacing. Recent attention on superconductors has emphasized the importance of the critical temperature, that being the temperature below which a material is superconduct

Niobium-Titanium Superconducting Wires: Nanostructures by Extrusion and Wire Drawing

The most widely used superconducting materials are based on Nb-Ti alloys with Ti contents ranging from 46-50 weight % Ti. These alloys of Nb and Ti have both high strength and ductility and can be processed to achieve high critical current densities that make them ideal candidates for magnet and applications. Nb-Ti based superconductors are commercially produced in long uniform lengths and cost significantly less to produce than other superconductors. The main drawbacks of this material are a low critical temperature, typically requiring cooling by liquid helium, and a low upper critical field which limits the applied field at which they can be used to below 12 T.

Abridged metallurgy of ductile alloy superconductors

A development program was initiated in order to develop strand with improved current density at 10.5 T and 1.9 K over existing SSCL designs. The two successful strand designs reported on here both utilized high Fe content Nb-47 wt%Ti alloys to improve the critical current density at high field by 7 %. At 10.5 T and 1.9 K, critical current densities exceeding 1450 A/mm/sup 2/ were obtained. In this paper we report detailed quantification of the macro- and micro-structures of these strands and correlate these with critical current density measurements at 1.9 K and 4.2 K. The high Fe content significantly reduced the /spl alpha/-Ti precipitate size. The linear relationship between critical current density and precipitate volume found is in agreement with earlier studies. High resolution FESEM electron backscatter contrast suggests a thin layer of high atomic number at grain boundaries.

/pdf/development-of-high-performance-nb-ti-fe-multifilamentary-3n9x0u2mq4.pdf

Development of high performance Nb-Ti(Fe) multifilamentary superconductor for the LHC insertion quadrupoles

Superconducting wires and cables are employed in many application fields, from NMR and MRI magnets, to high field magnets for test equipments, for nuclear fusion devices or for accelerators, where the low temperature superconductors Nb–Ti and Nb 3 Sn are typically used. The possibility to use liquid nitrogen or cryo-free cooling technologies for high temperature superconductors, such as Bi-2223 or REBCO tapes, is driving important developments in applications such as power transmission lines. Promising for very high field applications at low temperature are the properties of Bi-2212 round wires, still to reach a well assessed industrialization, and of REBCO tapes, that would require further cost reduction. MgB2 offers the potential of a low-cost superconductor that could be operated at reduced refrigeration costs due to its high T c . Interesting J c values have also been achieved in the novel Fe-based materials. The main requirements for superconducting wires and cables are summarized in the paper; the type of processing and the current development status is reported for each material.

Superconducting Wires and Cables: Materials and Processing

The sections in this article are


1
The Nb–Ti Alloy System

2
The Conventional Process

3
The APC Process

4
2 K Operation

Superconductors, Metallurgy of Ductile Alloys

The effect of iron addition on the ductility and superconducting properties of Niobium Titanium alloys has been explored. The conclusion of this study is that iron up to 2000 parts per million by weight is not deleterious to the fabricability of multifilamentary composites. The hardening rate of the iron rich alloy as filaments in a copper matrix was observed to be the same as for low iron versions of the same nominal composition. The development of the pinning microstructure was monitored and compared to the critical current properties of the wire. The results for multifilamentary wires are compared for heats with and without high iron contents. The results were reproduced in the production environment from a full scale ingot. The critical current density for the iron enriched material is elevated relative to the low iron material at high fields. The beneficial influence of iron on the superconducting properties is discussed in light of the microstructure. A designed experiment was conducted to explore the range over which the chemistry can be varied without affecting the behavior. The goal is to broaden the range of iron allowed in Niobium Titanium alloys for superconducting applications.

https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/matertrans1989/37/3/37_3_519/_pdf

Improved Niobium 47 Weight % Titanium Composition by Iron Addition

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Improved Niobium 47 Weight % Titanium Composition by Iron Addition