A seat belt device includes a spindle (11) for retracting a seat belt (13), an electric actuator (55), a pre-tensioner (14) and a power transmission mechanism (20), wherein the power transmission mechanism (20) can reversibly switch the connection and disconnection between the electric actuator (55) and the spindle (11) before the pre-tensioner (14) is activated, while when the pre-tensioner (14) is activated. The power transmission mechanism (20) non-reversibly interrupts the connection between the electric actuator (55) and the spindle (11) via an elastic piece (60) when a torque difference between an actuator-side gear (80) and a spindle-side gear (82) becomes larger than a predetermined value.

Seat belt device

This literature review is part of the "Driver performance in the EPSRC driving simulator: a validation study" project funded by EPSRC. It focuses mainly on driving simulator validation studies with regard to driver behaviour. Various approaches, methodologies and criteria have been proposed until today regarding the behavioral and physical validation of a driving simulator. At the same time, a number of behavioural validation studies have been conducted, with or without taking into account the proposed validation approaches. The author considered necessary this literature review because according to her knowledge there was no other published review which examined thoroughly the link between theory (proposed validation approaches and methodologies) and practice (validation studies cc driving simulators). Most of the recent behaviour validation studies have been focused on the absolute and relative validity of the simulator without taking into consideration the issue of the face validity.

The format of this paper will be as follows. A small introduction to driving simulators and their usefulness will be presented first followed by the necessity of validating them. The existing validation approaches, methodologies and criteria will be analysed and earlier and recent behaviour validation studies will be reviewed and compared in detail. These studies will be classified according to the driver behaviour levels and driving performance (as they will be defined) and then will be assessed according to the validation criteria. Emphasis will be given to the interpretation of the findings from these comparisons, and in particular to their applicability in real road traffic situations.

Driving Simulator Validation Studies: A Literature Review.

This paper describes a driving simulator developed for design and evaluation of full-scale driving simulators and for driver-vehicle interaction study. The simulator consists of a real-time vehicle simulation system, visual and audio system, motion system, control force loading system, and experiment console. The real-time vehicle simulation system supervises the overall operation of the simulator and also simulates the dynamic motion of realistic vehicle models in real-time. The visual system generates high fidelity driving scenes that are displayed on a screen by a projector. The motion system generates realistic motion cue using a six degree-of-freedom Stewart platform driven hydraulically. The control force loading system acts as an interface between a driver and the simulator. The experiment console monitors the status of the simulator in operation and also collects and manages experimental data.

A driving simulator as a virtual reality tool

This paper presents the Eclipse II, a new six-degrees-of-freedom parallel mechanism, which can be used as a basis for general motion simulators. The Eclipse II is capable of x, y, and z axes translations, and a, b, and c axes rotations. In particular, it has the advantage of enabling continuous 360/spl deg/ spinning of the platform. We first describe the computational procedures for the forward and inverse kinematics of the Eclipse II. Next, the complete singularity analysis is presented for the two cases of end-effector singularity and actuator singularity. Finally, two additional actuators are added to the original mechanism to eliminate both types of singularity within the workspace.

Eclipse II: a new parallel mechanism enabling continuous 360-degree spinning plus three-axis translational motions

A seat belt device, comprising an electric motor (20) winding up a seat belt (12) and a microcomputer (30) controlling the electric motor (20), wherein the microcomputer (30), when predicting a collision by using a detected distance and a detected vehicle speed by a distance sensor (41) and a vehicle speed sensor (42), controls the electric motor (20) so as to wind up the seat belt (12) with a windup load increasing up to a first windup load at a first rising gradient. Also, the microcomputer (30), when detecting an abrupt brake operation by detected signals from a brake switch (43), controls the electric motor (20) so as to wind up the seat belt (12) with a windup load increasing up to a second windup load larger than the first windup load at a second rising gradient larger than the first rising gradient. Thus, when a vehicle is in an emergency, the seat belt can be wound up in such a winding manner and with such a windup load that occupants do not feel much discomfort and are protected.

Seat belt device for vehicle

This paper describes a project in which a driving simulator is included in the vehicle design process. The simulator has programmable vehicle model parameters that allow for a dynamic response to driver commands. The simulator also features a fast response time and a low incidence rate of "simulator induced syndrome." Applications include supporting the development of new concepts for steering systems and evaluating the usability of vehicle controls and displays.

The general motors driving simulator

A knee bolster system is capable of automatic extension and retraction during specified scenarios that are determined based on sensor input. A microprocessor electrically controls an actuator capable of extending at least one telescoping mechanism which is rigidly engaged to a knee bolster pad located in the lower portion of an instrument panel at knee height to an occupant. Each telescoping mechanism houses a plowing mechanism. This plowing mechanism generates reaction forces during actuation.

Extendable and retractable knee bolster system

A new and improved seat belt retractor system having an electronic control unit which is adapted to receive a signal from a sensor responsive to the buckling of the seat belt and causes an electric motor acting through a chain drive to drivingly rotate a reel in one direction for providing a predetermined seat belt loading on the seat occupant and that is responsive to the braking of the vehicle under emergency conditions to increase the tensioning of the seat belt to a level that exceeds the predetermined seat belt loading.

Seat belt retractor system

Although there is a relatively large body of literature which documents evaluations of driver performance with instrument-panel (IP) controls, there does not exist a standard methodology which can be applied to obtain dynamic and objective performance data. Because of this, it is difficult to compare and integrate the findings from different evaluations. To address this problem, the G.M. Systems Engineering Human Factors Department has developed two implementations of a methodology which show promise — the “Video Method” and the “Automated Method.” Both implementations are identical with respect to the experimental tasks performed by the subjects and the types of objective data which can be obtained. The implementations differ, however, with respect to the method by which task completion times and errors are obtained. The Video Method relies upon frame-by-frame video analysis to obtain task completion times, while the Automated Method employs instrumented controls. A computer records driver control inputs...

Toward a methodology for evaluating instrument-panel controls

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Papers

The general motors driving simulator

Extendable and retractable knee bolster system

Seat belt retractor system

Toward a methodology for evaluating instrument-panel controls