In the analysis of ethnic separatism and secession, two approaches can be distinguished. One is to ask what forces are responsbile for the general upsurge in secessionist movements, from Burma te-Biafra and Bangladesh, from Corsica to Quebec, and from Eritrea to the Southern Philippines. Another approach is to ask what moves certain territorially discrete ethnic groups to attempt to leave the states of which they are a part (or at least to secure substantial territorial autonomy), whereas other groups, also regionally concentrated, make no such attempts. The first question calls for a general explanation of aggregate trends; it aims to compare the present with some period in the past. The second calls for an explanation that can discriminate among classes of cases; it entails comparison not across time, but across space.

Patterns of Ethnic Separatism

Reinscrivant le Soudan anglo-egyptien dans l'histoire imperiale britannique, cette these explore l'histoire scolaire soudanaise a l'ere de l'"ebranlement colonial" qui succeda a la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Les materiaux didactiques, les contenus prescrits et les pratiques pedagogiques sont analyses a la lumiere de cinq developpements majeurs des annees 1945-1953 : le virage "paterno-progressiste" des politiques coloniales britanniques en Afrique, dont l'objectif etait desormais de preparer les peuples colonises a l'autogouvernance ; la polarisation des positions britannique et egyptienne sur la question du Soudan ; la concurrence accrue entre les deux courants du nationalisme soudanais (independantiste et unioniste) ; l'unification hâtive du Nord et du Sud-Soudan apres plus d'un demi-siecle de gestion separee ; et la tentative des elites nord-soudanaises de construire un Etat-nation arabo-musulman. Le second volet de la these est consacre a une mise en perspective diachronique et synchronique de l'histoire scolaire soudanaise de fin d'Empire : celle-ci marqua-t-elle une veritable rupture par rapport a l'histoire scolaire pratiquee au Soudan jusqu'en 1945 ? Quelles etaient les convergences et les divergences entre l'histoire scolaire du Soudan et celle d'autres territoires de l'(ex-)Empire britannique (Ouganda, Rhodesie du Nord, Nigeria, Egypte, Inde, Grande-Bretagne) ? Ma reflexion s'acheve sur deux problemes cruciaux de l'ere postcoloniale : la decolonisation - ou non - des recits historiques scolaires apres l'independance (1956) et le role catalyseur de l'histoire scolaire dans la guerre civile entre le Nord et le Sud-Soudan.

https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00700410/document

Histoire scolaire, impérialisme(s) et décolonisation(s) : le cas du Soudan anglo-égyptien (1945-1958)

Political tension, local violence and government suppression escalated in the Southern Sudan in the late 1950s and early 1960s. During this period of increasing international acceptance of “freedom fighters” and “wars of liberation”, groups of politicians in exile together with militarily trained Southerners progressively focused their efforts towards launching a rebellion; in exile, they sought international support and established political organisations. They also founded the Anya-Nya rebel movement and built military power. Their activities, combined with violent reprisals from the Government of Sudan, explain how the Southern Sudan gradually entered a state of civil war during 1963 and 1964. This process was fundamentally influenced by contingencies, unfulfilled expectations, and a lack of capacity and co-ordination, which preclude a formulaic and linear account. This article contributes to a multi-faceted and empirically grounded history of rebellion in the Southern Sudan, and challenges th...

The making of the Anya-Nya insurgency in the Southern Sudan, 1961–64

http://r4d.dfid.gov.uk/PDF/Outputs/EC-PREP/InformalRemittanceSudanStudy.pdf

Sudan Country Study

South Sudan is the world's youngest independent country. Established in 2011 after two wars, South Sudan has since reverted to a state of devastating civil strife. This book provides a general history of the new country, from the arrival of Turco-Egyptian explorers in Upper Nile, the turbulence of the Mahdist revolutionary period, the chaos of the 'Scramble for Africa', during which the South was prey to European and African adventurers and empire builders, to the Anglo-Egyptian colonial era. Special attention is paid to the period since Sudanese independence in 1956, when Southern disaffection grew into outright war, from the 1960s to 1972, and from 1983 until the Comprehensive Peace of 2005, and to the transition to South Sudan's independence. The book concludes with coverage of events since then, which since December 2013 have assumed the character of civil war, and with insights into what the future might hold.

A History of South Sudan: From Slavery to Independence

The problem of the Southern Sudan

Based on current UK decarbonisation policy, a general outlook on potential routes for the glass industry to achieve net-zero is discussed and the differentiation during decarbonisation is specified. Biomass ash is considered as a potential alternative raw material for low-carbon glass manufacture as it is rich in certain advantageous components, chiefly network modifiers. Simple sieving processes were shown to effectively separate impurities such as S, Cl, and C from some biomass ashes according to particle size distribution. The concentration of undesirable impurities decreased with increasing particle size. Morphologies and XRD patterns of larger washed biomass ash particles indicated liquid / amorphous phase formation during biomass combustion. Washing of ashes was also shown to be a potential route to purification. A washed bracken ash relevant to both modern and ancient glass production was characterised for comparison. UV-Vis-near IR absorption spectra of representative green container glasses produced using biomass ash confirmed that ∼5 wt.% ash in representative glass batches has little impact on the colour and redox state of glasses; the redox status of glass produced using > 2 mm biomass ash after washing was less reduced than that of glass produced using >2mm biomass ash after sieving alone, observed via the redox couple Cr3+/Cr6+ by UV-Vis-near IR absorption spectroscopy. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved 

Alternative raw material research for decarbonisation of UK glass manufacture

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The problem of the Southern Sudan

Alternative raw material research for decarbonisation of UK glass manufacture