This paper examines the problem of automatic explanation of reasoning, especially as it relates to expert systems. By explanation we mean the ability of a program to discuss what it is doing in some understandable way. We first present a general framework in which to view explanation and review some of the research done in this area. We then focus on the explanation system for NEOMYCIN, a medical consultation program. A consultation program interactively helps a user to solve a problem. Our goal is to have NEOMYCIN explain its problem-solving strategies. An explanation of strategy describes the plan the program is using to reach a solution. Such an explanation is usually concrete, referring to aspects of the current problem situation. Abstract explanations articulate a general principle, which can be applied in different situations; such explanations are useful in teaching and in explaining by analogy. We describe the aspects of NEOMYCIN that make abstract strategic explanations possible--the representation of strategic knowledge explicitly and separately from domain knowledge--and demonstrate how this representation can be used to generate explanations.

Strategic explanations for a diagnostic consultation system

This paper describes a prototype English generator which can produce English descriptions of program specifications written in Gist, a program specification language being developed at ISI. Such a facility is required because although Gist is a high level specification language, specifications written in it, like those in all other formal specification languages, are unreadable. There are several reasons for this unreadability: strange syntax; redundancy elimination; lack of thematic structure; implicit remote interactions; no representation of the motivation or rationale behind the specification; and a strict reliance on textual presentation. The current generator deals with the first two problems and part of the third. Our plans for dealing with the rest are outlined after a description of the current generator.

https://www.aaai.org/Papers/AAAI/1982/AAAI82-097.pdf

GIST english generator

We describe a general parsing method for systemic grammars. Systemic grammars contain a paradigmatic analysis of language in addition to structural information, so a parser must assign a set of grammatical features and functions to each constituent in addition to producing a constituent structure. Our method constructs a parser by compiling systemic grammars into the notation of Functional Unification Grammar. The existing methods for parsing with unification grammars have been extended to handle a fuller range of paradigmatic descriptions. In particular, the PATR-II system has been extended by using disjunctive and conditional information in functional descriptions that are attached to phrase structure rules. The method has been tested with a large grammar of English which was originally developed for text generation. This testing is the basis for some observations about the bidirectional use of a grammar.

An experimental parser for systemic grammars

This paper presents a framework for expressing how choices are made in systemic grammars. Formalizing the description of choice processes enriches descriptions of the syntax and semantics of languages, and it contributes to constructive models of language use. There are applications in education and computation. The framework represents the grammar as a combination of systemic syntactic description and explicit choice processes, called “choice experts.” Choice experts communicate across the boundary of the grammar to its environment, exploring an external intention to communicate. The environment's answers lead to choices and thereby to creation of sentences and other units, tending to satisfy the intention to communicate. The experts’ communicative framework includes an extension to the systemic notion of a function, in the direction of a more explicit semantics. Choice expert processes are presented in two notations, one informal and the other formal. The informal notation yields a grammar‐guided conver...

The Anatomy of a Systemic Choice.

Bei dem vorliegenden Aufsatz handelt es sich um eine einfuhrende Darstellung wichtiger Fragestellungen, Methoden und Resultate des Forschungsgebietes ‘Naturlichsprachliche Systeme’. Die Komplexitat und die Breite des zu behandelnden Teilgebietes der Kunstlichen Intelligenz (Kl) machen es unmoglich, in einer kurzen Einfuhrung auch nur annahernd alle fur die sprachorientierte Kl-Forschung relevanten Fragestellungen und Losungsalternativen aufzuzeigen (z.B. umfast alleine eine grundliche Einfuhrung in die syntaktische Analyse, wie sie Winograd 1983 bietet, rd. 640 Seiten). Dies mag auch als Grund dafur angesehen werden, das Standardeinfuhrungen in die Kunstliche Intelligenz wie Winston 1977 und Nilsson 1981 das Teilgebiet ‘Naturlichsprachliche Systeme’ nicht in angemessener Weise behandeln.

Natürlichsprachliche Systeme - Eine Einführung in die sprachorientierte KI-Forschung

: This report consists of two documents describing the state of the art of computer generation of natural language text. Both were prepared by a panel of individuals who are active in research on text generation. The first document assesses the state of the art, identifying four kinds of technical developments which will shape the art in the coming decade: linguistically justified grammars, knowledge representation methods, models of the reader, and models of discourse. The second document is a comprehensive bibliography on text generation, the first of its kind. In addition to the citations of documents, it includes descriptions of ongoing research efforts. (Author)

Text Generation: The State of the Art and the Literature.

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Text Generation: The State of the Art and the Literature.