The field of viscous liquid and glassy solid dynamics is reviewed by a process of posing the key questions that need to be answered, and then providing the best answers available to the authors and their advisors at this time. The subject is divided into four parts, three of them dealing with behavior in different domains of temperature with respect to the glass transition temperature, Tg , and a fourth dealing with ‘‘short time processes.’’ The first part tackles the high temperature regime T.Tg ,i n which the system is ergodic and the evolution of the viscous liquid toward the condition at Tg is in focus. The second part deals with the regime T;Tg , where the system is nonergodic except for very long annealing times, hence has time-dependent properties ~aging and annealing!. The third part discusses behavior when the system is completely frozen with respect to the primary relaxation process but in which secondary processes, particularly those responsible for ‘‘superionic’’ conductivity, and dopart mobility in amorphous silicon, remain active. In the fourth part we focus on the behavior of the system at the crossover between the low frequency vibrational components of the molecular motion and its high frequency relaxational components, paying particular attention to very recent developments in the short time dielectric response and the high Q mechanical response. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.@S0021-8979~00!02213-1#

https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1065&context=mse_pubs

Relaxation in glassforming liquids and amorphous solids

This paper reviews the past, present, and future of the hydroxyapatite (HAp)-based biomaterials from the point of view of preparation of hard tissue replacement implants. Properties of the hard tissues are also described. The mechanical reliability of the pure HAp ceramics is low, therefore it cannot be used as artificial teeth or bones. For these reasons, various HAp-based composites have been fabricated, but only the HAp-coated titanium alloys have found wide application. Among the others, the microstructurally controlled HAp ceramics such as fibers/whiskers-reinforced HAp, fibrous HAp-reinforced polymers, or biomimetically fabricated HAp/collagen composites seem to be the most suitable ceramic materials for the future hard tissue replacement implants.

https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/S0884291400042527

Processing and properties of hydroxyapatite-based biomaterials for use as hard tissue replacement implants

Biomedical applications of polymer-composite materials: a review

The field of enthalpy relaxation is reviewed. Current phenomenologies for dealing with the non-linear and non-exponential character of enthalpy relaxation are presented, and their successes and shortcomings are discussed. Qualitative experimental data and quantitative parameterizations are summarized, and some directions for future research are suggested.

Enthalpy relaxation and recovery in amorphous materials

Silica aerogels have drawn a lot of interest both in science and technology because of their low bulk density (up to 95% of their volume is air), hydrophobicity, low thermal conductivity, high surface area, and optical transparency. Aerogels are synthesized from molecular precursors by sol-gel processing. Special drying techniques must be applied to replace the pore liquid with air while maintaining the solid network. Supercritical drying is most common; however, recently developed methods allow removal of the liquid at atmospheric pressure after chemical modification of the inner surface of the gels, leaving only a porous silica network filled with air. Therefore, by considering the surprising properties of aerogels, the present review addresses synthesis of silica aerogels by the sol-gel method, as well as drying techniques and applications in current industrial development and scientific research.

/pdf/silica-aerogel-synthesis-and-applications-4cbn1gepfv.pdf

Silica aerogel: synthesis and applications

Composite materials formed from bone bioactive glass or ceramic fibers and structural fibers are disclosed In preferred embodiments, a braid or mesh of interwoven bone bioactive glass or ceramic fibers and structural fibers is impregnated with a polymeric material to provide a composite of suitable biocompatibility and structural integrity Most preferably, the mesh or braid is designed so that the bioactive fibers are concentrated at the surface of the implant to create a surface comprised of at least 30 % bioactive material, thereby providing enhanced bone ingrowth The interweaving between the bone bioactive glass or ceramic fibers and the core of structural fibers overcomes the problems found in prior composite systems where the bioactive material delaminates from the polymer Preferred bioactive materials include calcium phosphate ceramics and preferred structural fibers include carbon fibers Further preferred bioactive materials include aluminum oxide at greater than 02 %, by mole Improved prosthetic implants and methods of affixing an implant are thus also disclosed

Composite materials using bone bioactive glass and ceramic fibers

Arsenic selenide glass samples have been prepared using a combination of heat treatment and distillation techniques to remove impurities. Transmission spectra of the samples in the infrared region (2.5–20 μm) were measured. The spectra indicate that the majority of absorbing oxide species can be removed by a simple heat treatment. Chemical analysis shows that distilled samples contain less silicon impurity, indicating that Si is most likely incorporated during tube sealing procedures. Increased transmission for the purified samples in the 10–11 μm range shows the necessity of purification to obtain glasses with good transparency for CO 2 laser applications. The highest transmission values at 10.6 μm are greater than those suggested by simple theoretical relations. The high refractive index at this wavelength results in additional contributions to the transmitted intensity, most probably due to sample lensing effects arising from non-parallel sample faces or misalignment of the sample in the spectrophotometer beam.

Laboratory preparation of highly pure As2Se3 glass

Calcium phosphate fibers designed for reinforcement of bioabsorbable fracture fixation devices were evaluated for their properties upon annealing. The composition of these fibers were 54% PO 4 , 27% Ca, 12% ZnO, 2.5% NaPO 3 , and 4.5% Fe 2 O 3 , and they were either not annealed, annealed at 250°C, or annealed at 420°C. Chemical degradation, mass loss, and morphology upon degradation were studied. Chemical degradation was performed in Tris-buffered HCl, while mass loss and morphologic studies were performed in both physiologic and nonphysiologic solutions. The results showed that degradation rates for fibers were inversely proportional to the annealing temperature. Mass loss analysis of fibers immersed in the two physiologic solutions (calf serum and simulated body fluid) revealed little change in fiber diameter up to 60 days. Morphologic examination revealed little change in fibers immersed in the two physiologic solutions until 60 days, after which thin shells were found to be peeling off the outer coating of the fiber. Samples in tris-buffered HCl revealed a dramatic difference in mode of degradation among the three fibers. Fibers not annealed and those annealed at lower temperatures underwent a delaminating type of degradation that appeared to destroy the overall integrity of the fiber, whereas fibers annealed at 420°C underwent crater-like deterioration in which the overall alignment of the fiber remained intact. It is therefore concluded that annealing fibers at higher temperatures slows degradation. The fibers annealed at the highest temperatures also undergo a mode of degradation that allows them to maintain their structural integrity. Although annealing of fibers close to glass transition temperature may produce an initially weaker fiber, chemical and physical degradation occur much slower, making these fibers most suitable for reinforcement of biodegradable implants.

Effect of annealing temperature on the degradation of reinforcing fibers for absorbable implants.

Experimental survey of the chemical durability of commercial soda-lime-silicate glasses

The search for new high strength materials has always been one of the more active areas in the materials sciences, and while glass is not normally catagorized with high strength metallic alloys and crystalline ceramics, it does have particular properties which will warrant, or necessitate, its use in many new applications.

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2F978-1-4757-0328-3_15.pdf

The Strength of Glass

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