This paper provides a detailed overview of developments in transducer materials technology relating to their current and future applications in micro-scale devices. Recent advances in piezoelectric, magnetostrictive and shape-memory alloy systems are discussed and emerging transducer materials such as magnetic nanoparticles, expandable micro-spheres and conductive polymers are introduced. Materials properties, transducer mechanisms and end applications are described and the potential for integration of the materials with ancillary systems components is viewed as an essential consideration. The review concludes with a short discussion of structural polymers that are extending the range of micro-fabrication techniques available to designers and production engineers beyond the limitations of silicon fabrication technology.

/pdf/new-materials-for-micro-scale-sensors-and-actuators-an-21qnaonn0l.pdf

New materials for micro-scale sensors and actuators An engineering review

Magnetoresistive-based biosensors and biochips.

In medical diagnoses and treatments, e.g., endoscopy, dosage transition monitoring, it is often desirable to wirelessly track an object that moves through the human GI tract. In this paper, we propose a magnetic localization and orientation system for such applications. This system uses a small magnet enclosed in the object to serve as excitation source, so it does not require the connection wire and power supply for the excitation signal. When the magnet moves, it establishes a static magnetic field around, whose intensity is related to the magnet's position and orientation. With the magnetic sensors, the magnetic intensities in some predetermined spatial positions can be detected, and the magnet's position and orientation parameters can be computed based on an appropriate algorithm. Here, we propose a real-time tracking system developed by a cubic magnetic sensor array made of Honeywell 3-axis magnetic sensors, HMC1043. Using some efficient software modules and calibration methods, the system can achieve satisfactory tracking accuracy if the cubic sensor array has enough number of 3-axis magnetic sensors. The experimental results show that the average localization error is 1.8 mm.

A Cubic 3-Axis Magnetic Sensor Array for Wirelessly Tracking Magnet Position and Orientation

In this review we discuss conventional methods of performing biological assays and molecular identification and highlight their advantages and limitations. An alternative approach based on magnetic nanotechnology is then presented. Firstly, magnetic carriers are introduced and their biocompatibility and functionalisation discussed, with spotlights on functionalisation via self assembled monolayers and on methods of reducing nonspecific binding. In addition an introduction is provided to the basic physical concepts behind the various types of sensors used to detect magnetic labels. Finally, progress in the field of magnetic biosensors and the outlook for the future are discussed.

Magnetic biosensor technologies for medical applications: a review

Magnetic labeling, detection, and system integration

The signal response of Bangs Laboratories magnetic markers with a mean diameter of 0.86 /spl mu/m on a spiral-shaped giant magnetoresistance sensor with a diameter of 70 /spl mu/m is investigated. The data show a linear dependence of the sensor signal on the surface coverage of the magnetic markers. The detection limit is reached at a coverage of about 5%, which corresponds to about 200 markers distributed across the surface of the sensor. The corresponding molecular binding of the analyte DNA and the magnetic markers show good selectivity and sensitivity.

A biochip based on magnetoresistive sensors

Analysing a magnetic molecule detection system—computer simulation

Magnetoresistive logic and biochip

Conducting atomic force microscopy was used for the characterization of magnetic tunnel junctions with various areas down to a minimum of 0.0025 µm2 and a tunnel magnetoresistance (TMR) value up to 20%. Minor loops of large junctions show jumps of the resistance, which can be related to magnetic domains formation in the ferromagnetic electrodes. For the smallest junctions, a TMR signal between 10% and 17% was obtained. The range of TMR values increased with decreasing junction sizes. The minor loops of such small junctions did not show hints of domains. We observed, however, a shift of the minor loop in the opposite direction as obtained for larger junctions, which can be related to dipolar antiferromagnetic coupling of the ferromagnetic electrodes.

Magnetoresistance and Dipole Shift of Ultrasmall Magnetic Tunnel Junctions Characterized by Conducting Atomic Force Microscopy

The evolution of the giant magnetoresistance (GMR) effect in sputtered combination multilayers (CMLs) of type Py1.8nm//{(Cu1.8nm/Py1.6nm)N/(Cu0.9nm/Py1.6nm)N}y with Py (permalloy=Ni81Fe19) has been investigated at room temperature. It is shown that the GMR characteristic of these CMLs can be phenomenologically predicted, if the physical properties are known, i.e., the GMR effect amplitude, double layer conductance, and bilinear and biquadratic antiferromagnetic exchange coupling constants of the two underlying {Cu/Py}N base systems at the first (Cu0.9nm) and second (Cu1.8nm) antiferromagnetic coupling maximum (AFCM). The GMR characteristic of the simplest CML with N=1 is, e.g., determined by averaging the bilinear and biquadratic exchange coupling constants of the two base systems. The GMR characteristics of CML with N⩾2 are a superposition of that of the underlying {Cu/Py}N base systems weighted by the fraction of the corresponding double layer conductance. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the CMLs a...

Interplay of antiferromagnetic coupling in copper/permalloy combination multilayers

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