The mesomorphic or “liquid crystalline” neat and middle phases encountered in aqueous systems of soaps and synthetic detergents differ considerably in plasticity. Nevertheless, in fundamental phase studies or the examination of commercial products and processes, identification of these two phases has hitherto been uncertain, particularly when they are mixed with each other or with other phases; even under the polarizing microscope, their identification has not been positive since, by the classical criteria for identifying mesomorphic phases, both are “smectic.”

The microscopy of the liquid crystalline neat and middle phases of soaps and synthetic detergents

Composition, Properties and Structures of Liquid Crystalline Phases in Systems of Amphiphilic Compounds

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the physical structure and behavior of lipids and lipid enzymes. The resolving power of the electron microscope and X-ray diffraction camera has required biologists to reconsider the physical and structural properties of lipids in the organization of a living cell. The reason for this is that lipids, in the presence of water, tend to aggregate together and arrange themselves in a highly characteristic pattern of bimolecular sheets or cylinders. Their dimensions are within the resolving power of the electron microscope and any tendency toward layering of the sheets or concentric replication of the cylinders is amenable to interpretation by X-ray diffraction. However, the principles of surface chemistry have been applied with some success to the study of extracellular lipid behavior, particularly, in fat digestion and absorption.

Physical structure and behavior of lipids and lipid enzymes.

Choline carboxylate surfactants: biocompatible and highly soluble in water

Solubility data are provided and collected for the pure sodium and potassium soaps Hydrolysis obscures the temperatures of solution but is obviated by the presence of a small excess of alkali Each sodium soap has a large range of temperature between fair and high solubility, whereas the potassium soaps go abruptly into solution, at almost the same temperature and concentration of each soap The only soaps that are even moderately soluble at room temperature are potassium laurate, myristate, and oleate, the potassium salt of acids from coconut oil, and the sodium oleate The other sodium and potassium soaps of the saturated fatty acids require elevated temperatures for solution Phase diagrams for the five commonest potassium soaps are developed and recorded

The solubility of sodium and potassium soaps and the phase diagrams of aqueous potassium soaps

Vapor pressure data for a series of five pure soaps with water and for a typical commercial soap have been made the basis of a revision and extension of the less complete phase diagrams previously developed in investigations carried on by many different methods.

Vapor pressure data and phase diagrams for some concentrated soap-water systems above room temperatures

Application of the Phase Rule to Soap Boiling

Sorption of Water Vapor by Soap Curd

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Vapor pressure data and phase diagrams for some concentrated soap-water systems above room temperatures

Application of the Phase Rule to Soap Boiling

Sorption of Water Vapor by Soap Curd