Abstract The current climate change and increasing climate variability represent a serious global challenge that demands urgent responses. Among the multiple actions that should be taken, afforestation and reforestation are the most common strategies. The current paper aims to assess the potential of tree species to be used in urban forestry in the Po Plain ecoregional province (Northern Italy) using DNA barcoding approach for plant traceability and ecophysiological indexes (shade, drought and waterlogging) for plant selection. DNA barcoding markers results showed a 55.5% of success, but the power of discrimination increased to 94.5% when considering only the autochthonous ecoregional species pool. Concerning ecophysiological markers, Fagus sylvatica, Abies alba, Picea abies and Taxus baccata were very shade-tolerant. The best performing trees concerning drought tolerance were oak species (Quercus ilex, Q. pubescens and Q. cerris), pines (Pinus pinea, P. nigra and P. sylvestris) and Fraxinus ornus. Only a few tree species (Salix alba, Alnus glutinosa, Populus nigra and Prunus padus) showed high tolerance to waterlogging. The combination of both approaches makes it possible to select the most suitable species, based on eco-pedological and microclimatic conditions, and to trace their identity along the entire supply chain, from nursery to planting, for urban forestry. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Tree tracking: species selection and traceability for sustainable and biodiversity-friendly urban reforestation

The last decade of the twentieth century was the beginning of changes in international relations from military confrontation to economic cooperation in the post-Cold War period, applying the theory of pluralism rather than that of realism. The study seeks a new paradigm of inter-Korean relations by analyzing globalization and regional convergence, North Korean survival strategies, South Korean engagement policy and the aftermath of Perry's report, and inter-Korean economic cooperation. Through those analyses, the study suggests four policy recommendations for the United States, China, North and South Korea. Washington should verify that North Korea absolutely abandons developing and proliferating nuclear weapons. If it does, Washington should normalize ties, lift sanctions and give economic assistance, and provide national security by guaranteeing a North-South peace treaty and arms reduction agreement. If North Korea does not give up its intention to develop nuclear weapons, Beijing should stop ...

From Confrontation to Cooperation: A New Paradigm for Inter-Korean Relations

This monograph re-evaluates the 1999 Berlin Accords between the United States and North Korea in light of changing American policy. In this agreement, Pyongyang promised to suspend long-range missile testing and Washington responded by lowering economic sanctions. While the Berlin Accords have received little attention from scholars, this paper argues that they embody an important turning point in American policy. Until 1999, American engagement with North Korea, including the 1994 Agreed Framework, focused on resolving short-term crises. Escalating North Korean provocations, climaxing in the 1998 Taepodong-1 missile launched directly over central Japan, however, convinced policymakers in Washington that this policy had failed. Beginning with the 1999 missile talks, American policymakers began to seek terms for long-term coexistence instead. The first success of this new policy was the Berlin Accords. Because of this, the accords are more important than the narrowly-defined details of the agreeme...

/pdf/the-berlin-accords-and-multilateral-engagement-with-north-sizrrtai5t.pdf

The Berlin Accords and Multilateral Engagement with North Korea

Monitoring of mammal and bird species in an urban ecological park using environmental DNA metabarcoding

Ecological corridors and urban parks are created to connect habitats that become isolated due to urban development and integrate ecological, social, and cultural functions. Establishing and implementing the ecological function of urban green structures and conservation plans for urban terrestrial species requires prioritizing developing an understanding of the community structure of urban terrestrial species. However, understanding the appearance and distribution of terrestrial species in urban ecosystems is often neglected or lacking; furthermore, the inaccurate detection of species distribution can create biased estimates of species occupancy. Recently, an applied research method for detecting terrestrial species such as mammals and birds has been proposed based on molecular biology such as environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding. We installed artificial water tanks (mesocosm) in urban green spaces (Urban forests; UFs, Urban ecological corridors; UECs, Urban parks; UPs), applying eDNA metabarcoding as a tool to detect wild terrestrial species, and camera traps (CTs) and field surveys were performed in parallel to verify the results. We detected 22 urban terrestrial species only by eDNA metabarcoding and identified 43 species in total by performing eDNA metabarcoding, CTs, and field surveys in parallel. In addition, we identified 31 species of UFs, 13 species of UECs, and 28 species of UPs of urban terrestrial species using the three species survey methods in parallel. We confirmed that eDNA metabarcoding is very useful for detecting small species that are difficult to detect with the naked eye and internal species vulnerable to disturbance. However, since some species were only detected by CTs or field surveys due to DNA falsenegative errors or the species’ life-history characteristics, it was judged that the species inventory can be effectively collected using several monitoring techniques. • We successfully monitored most of the present terrestrial species using urban green spaces in just seven days, complementing environmental DNA metabarcoding, camera traps, and fieldwork. • In an urban ecosystem, eDNA metabarcoding was performed, in spaces where it was difficult to collect river samples due to large disturbances, with an artificial water tank containing distilled water, and clear spatiotemporal information of the recorded species was provided. • The sensitivity of eDNA metabarcoding was affected depending on the degree of human disturbance. In particular, in the case of terrestrial species within the city, the field survey was still a stronger research technique than eDNA and camera traps. • Urban ecological corridors and urban parks negatively impacted the inter-forest movement and habitation of terrestrial species due to the use of urban residents such as trails, but the use of species was confirmed as much as urban forests; in particular, mammals shared a home-range by dividing day/night time zones with urban residents due to their nocturnal nature. • The introduction of eDNA metabarcoding and camera traps in urban ecosystems can fill gaps in understanding and knowledge about changes in urban biodiversity by inducing the participation of citizens interested in ecology. 

Environmental DNA metabarcoding effectively monitors terrestrial species by using urban green spaces

S 379 Problems and Remedies of the North Korean Economy: A Strategic Approach

/pdf/problems-and-remedies-of-the-north-korean-economy-a-1k3ig37qr0.pdf

Problems and Remedies of the North Korean Economy: A Strategic Approach

The Characteristics of Heavy Metal(Zn, Pb) Accumulations in Paridae Nesting Material1a

본 연구는 대표적인 수동성 조류인 딱새와 박새의 인공새집 내 혼합 육추 사례를 보고하고자 한다. 인공새집 모니터링 시민과학 프로젝트에 참여한 시민조사원으로부터 수집된 자료를 토대로 딱새와 박새의 번식과정을 관찰하였다. 2022년 3월 6일 경기도 광주시 퇴촌면 관음리 일대(37° 27′14.76″N, 127° 19′16.79″E) 단독주택 앞마당에 인공새집을 설치하였다. 박새가 인공새집을 먼저 이용하였으나 번식 중간단계부터 사라졌으며, 남겨진 인공새집을 딱새가 재사용하였다. 4월 15일 박새가 산란한 알 3개가 발견되었고, 4월 21일에는 박새 알 3개와 딱새 알 2개가 확인되었다. 박새 알 3개, 딱새 알 6개로 산란이 마무리되었고 포란이 진행되었다. 부화 후 이소까지 딱새는 박새를 포함한 새끼들에게 먹이를 주었으나 새끼 딱새들의 이소가 마무리된 후부터는 먹이 급이 행동이 중단되었다. 이에 남겨진 박새 2개체는 먹이 부족으로 폐사하였다. 본 사례는 딱새가 박새의 새끼를 일정 기간 육추한 사실을 확인한 의미 있는 기록으로 혼합 육추에 대한 기초자료로써 활용이 가능할 것으로 판단된다. 

A case of mixed brood of the Daurian Redstart Phoenicurus auroreus and Great Tit Parus major in artificial nest boxes

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