Gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) is a versatile material for a wide range of bioapplications. There is an intense interest in developing effective chemical strategies to prepare GelMA with a high degree of batch-to-batch consistency and controllability in terms of methacryloyl functionalization and physiochemical properties. Herein, we systematically investigated the batch-to-batch reproducibility and controllability of producing GelMA (target highly and lowly substituted versions) via a one-pot strategy. To assess the GelMA product, several parameters were evaluated, including the degree of methacryloylation, secondary structure, and enzymatic degradation, along with the mechanical properties and cell viability of GelMA hydrogels. The results showed that two types of target GelMA with five batches exhibited a high degree of controllability and reproducibility in compositional, structural, and functional properties owing to the highly controllable one-pot strategy.

/pdf/gelatin-methacryloyl-and-its-hydrogels-with-an-exceptional-2cuim24176.pdf

Gelatin methacryloyl and its hydrogels with an exceptional degree of controllability and batch-to-batch consistency

Over the years, the field of bioprinting has attracted attention for its highly automated fabrication system that enables the precise patterning of living cells and biomaterials at pre-defined positions for enhanced cell-matrix and cell-cell interactions. Notably, vat polymerization (VP)-based bioprinting is an emerging bioprinting technique for various tissue engineering applications due to its high fabrication accuracy. Particularly, different photo-initiators (PIs) are utilized during the bioprinting process to facilitate the crosslinking mechanism for fabrication of high-resolution complex tissue constructs. The advancements in VP-based printing have led to a paradigm shift in fabrication of tissue constructs from cell-seeding of tissue scaffolds (non-biocompatible fabrication process) to direct bioprinting of cell-laden tissue constructs (biocompatible fabrication process). This paper, presenting a first-time comprehensive review of the VP-based bioprinting process, provides an in-depth analysis and comparison of the various biocompatible PIs and highlights the important considerations and bioprinting requirements. This review paper reports a detailed analysis of its printing process and the influence of light-based curing modality and PIs on living cells. Lastly, this review also highlights the significance of VP-based bioprinting, the regulatory challenges and presents future directions to transform the VP-based printing technology into imperative tools in the field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. The readers will be informed on the current limitations and achievements of the VP-based bioprinting techniques. Notably, the readers will realize the importance and value of highly-automated platforms for tissue engineering applications and be able to develop objective viewpoints towards this field.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1758-5090/ab6034/pdf

Vat polymerization-based bioprinting-process, materials, applications and regulatory challenges.

Print me an organ! Why we are not there yet

Four-dimensional bioprinting: Current developments and applications in bone tissue engineering.

Three-dimensionally printed constructs are static and do not recapitulate the dynamic nature of tissues. Four-dimensional (4D) bioprinting has emerged to include conformational changes in printed structures in a predetermined fashion using stimuli-responsive biomaterials and/or cells. The ability to make such dynamic constructs would enable an individual to fabricate tissue structures that can undergo morphological changes. Furthermore, other fields (bioactuation, biorobotics, and biosensing) will benefit from developments in 4D bioprinting. Here, the authors discuss stimuli-responsive biomaterials as potential bioinks for 4D bioprinting. Natural cell forces can also be incorporated into 4D bioprinted structures. The authors introduce mathematical modeling to predict the transition and final state of 4D printed constructs. Different potential applications of 4D bioprinting are also described. Finally, the authors highlight future perspectives for this emerging technology in biomedicine.

Advances and Future Perspectives in 4D Bioprinting.

Acoustic force patterning is an emerging technology that provides a platform to control the spatial location of cells in a rapid, accurate, yet contactless manner. However, very few studies have been reported on the usage of acoustic force patterning for the rapid arrangement of biological objects, such as cells, in a three-dimensional (3D) environment. In this study, we report on a bio-acoustic force patterning technique, which uses surface acoustic waves (SAWs) for the rapid arrangement of cells within an extracellular matrix-based hydrogel such as gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA). A proof-of-principle was achieved through both simulations and experiments based on the in-house fabricated piezoelectric SAW transducers, which enabled us to explore the effects of various parameters on the performance of the built construct. The SAWs were applied in a fashion that generated standing SAWs (SSAWs) on the substrate, the energy of which subsequently was transferred into the gel, creating a rapid, and contactless alignment of the cells (<10 s, based on the experimental conditions). Following ultraviolet radiation induced photo-crosslinking of the cell encapsulated GelMA pre-polymer solution, the patterned cardiac cells readily spread after alignment in the GelMA hydrogel and demonstrated beating activity in 5-7 days. The described acoustic force assembly method can be utilized not only to control the spatial distribution of the cells inside a 3D construct, but can also preserve the viability and functionality of the patterned cells (e.g. beating rates of cardiac cells). This platform can be potentially employed in a diverse range of applications, whether it is for tissue engineering, in vitro cell studies, or creating 3D biomimetic tissue structures.

/pdf/surface-acoustic-waves-induced-micropatterning-of-cells-in-3jet77oo0f.pdf

Surface acoustic waves induced micropatterning of cells in gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) hydrogels.

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Surface acoustic waves induced micropatterning of cells in gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) hydrogels.