Shock structure during ionization of a hydrogen-helium mixture was studied using hydrogen line and continuum emission measurements. A reaction scheme is proposed which includes hydrogen dissociation and a two-step excitation-ionization mechanism for hydrogen ionization by atom-atom and atom-electron collisions. Agreement was achieved between numerical calculations and measurements of emission intensity as a function of time for shock velocities from 13 to 20 km/sec in a 0.208 H2 - 0.792 He mixture. The electron temperature was found to be significantly different from the heavy particle temperature during much of the ionization process. Similar time histories for H beta and continuum emission indicate upper level populations of hydrogen in equilibrium with the electron concentration during the relaxation process.

/pdf/measurements-of-the-structure-of-an-ionizing-shock-wave-in-a-4aqkxzpabk.pdf

Measurements of the structure of an ionizing shock wave in a hydrogen-- helium mixture.

Implosions were used to raise the pressure and temperature of a driver gas to extreme values. Strong planar shock waves were thereby generated. A theoretical and experimental study was conducted on the performance of a 2.54-cm-diam shock tube driven by a 20-cm-diam hemispherical implosion driver. The analytical performance of the shock tube was predicted by numerically solving the set of governing nonlinear partial differential equations including appropriate loss mechanisms in the different regimes of the flow. The actual performance of the shock tube was determined experimentally by monitoring the shock velocity, flow uniformity, and test time for different driver conditions. These included stoichiometric hydrogen-oxygen mixtures with and without a PETN explosive liner. Planar shock waves were produced up to 11 km/sec without PETN and up to 19 km/sec with the addition of only 113 g of PETN explosive. Uniform test times of about 2-1 / sec were available at a distance of 33 m from the diaphragm (where the shock velocities were now 9 and 14 km/sec).

Strong Planar Shock Waves Generated by Explosively-Driven Spherical Implosions

Review of some exploratory test results for an electrical discharge driver with a conical-shaped arc chamber. The characteristics of the discharge cycle in the conical chamber and the shock tube performance are described, and the obtained results are compared with those reported by Menard (1971).

A conical arc driver for high-energy test facilities.

Analytical and experimental research on non-stationary shock waves, rarefaction waves and contact surfaces has been conducted continuously at UTIAS since its inception in 1948 Some unique facilities were used to study the properties of planar, cylindrical and spherical shock waves and their interactions Investigations were also performed on shock-wave structure and boundary layers in ionizing argon, water-vapour condensation in rarefaction waves, magnetogasdynamic flows, and the regions of regular and various types of Mach reflections of oblique shock waves Explosively-driven implosions have been employed as drivers for projectile launchers and shock tubes, and as a means of producing industrial-type diamonds from graphite, and fusion plasmas in deuterium The effects of sonic-boom on humans, animals and structures have also formed an important part of the investigations More recently, interest has focussed on shock waves in dusty gases, the viscous and vibrational structure of weak spherical blast waves in air, and oblique shock-wave reflections In all of these studies instrumentation and computational methods have played a very important role A brief survey of this work is given herein and in more detail in the relevant references

Over forty years of continuous research at UTIAS on nonstationary flows and shock waves

This is the first part of a two-part paper describing the operating characteristics of the electric arc-driven shock-tube facility at NASA Ames Research Center. In this part, the operating envelope of the facility and the technology of the arc driver are presented. Specifically, the question as to how well the behavior of the arc driver is understood and controlled is addressed. A plasma kinetics model of the exploding wire is developed to describe the arc behavior in the driver. Using this model, the performance parameters for the arc driver, and thereby the performance of the facility, can be predicted approximately.

Operating Characteristics of a 60- and 10-cm Electric Arc-Driven Shock Tube—Part I: The Driver

High performance electric arc driven shock tube for shock velocities to 45 km/sec and test times over 4 microseconds, using 80/20 helium-hydrogen mixture

A higher performance electric-arc-driven shock tube

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A higher performance electric-arc-driven shock tube