Electrochemical capacitors, also called supercapacitors, store energy using either ion adsorption (electrochemical double layer capacitors) or fast surface redox reactions (pseudo-capacitors). They can complement or replace batteries in electrical energy storage and harvesting applications, when high power delivery or uptake is needed. A notable improvement in performance has been achieved through recent advances in understanding charge storage mechanisms and the development of advanced nanostructured materials. The discovery that ion desolvation occurs in pores smaller than the solvated ions has led to higher capacitance for electrochemical double layer capacitors using carbon electrodes with subnanometre pores, and opened the door to designing high-energy density devices using a variety of electrolytes. Combination of pseudo-capacitive nanomaterials, including oxides, nitrides and polymers, with the latest generation of nanostructured lithium electrodes has brought the energy density of electrochemical capacitors closer to that of batteries. The use of carbon nanotubes has further advanced micro-electrochemical capacitors, enabling flexible and adaptable devices to be made. Mathematical modelling and simulation will be the key to success in designing tomorrow's high-energy and high-power devices.

https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02417326/document

Materials for electrochemical capacitors

[Liu, Chang; Li, Feng; Ma, Lai-Peng; Cheng, Hui-Ming] Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Met Res, Shenyang Natl Lab Mat Sci, Shenyang 110016, Peoples R China.;Cheng, HM (reprint author), Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Met Res, Shenyang Natl Lab Mat Sci, 72 Wenhua Rd, Shenyang 110016, Peoples R China;cheng@imr.ac.cn

Advanced Materials for Energy Storage

Electrolytes and interphases in Li-ion batteries and beyond.

Electrolytes have been identified as some of the most influential components in the performance of electrochemical supercapacitors (ESs), which include: electrical double-layer capacitors, pseudocapacitors and hybrid supercapacitors. This paper reviews recent progress in the research and development of ES electrolytes. The electrolytes are classified into several categories, including: aqueous, organic, ionic liquids, solid-state or quasi-solid-state, as well as redox-active electrolytes. Effects of electrolyte properties on ES performance are discussed in detail. The principles and methods of designing and optimizing electrolytes for ES performance and application are highlighted through a comprehensive analysis of the literature. Interaction among the electrolytes, electro-active materials and inactive components (current collectors, binders, and separators) is discussed. The challenges in producing high-performing electrolytes are analyzed. Several possible research directions to overcome these challenges are proposed for future efforts, with the main aim of improving ESs' energy density without sacrificing existing advantages (e.g., a high power density and a long cycle-life) (507 references).

A review of electrolyte materials and compositions for electrochemical supercapacitors

Nano- and bulk-silicon-based insertion anodes for lithium-ion secondary cells

A new type of nano-sized silicon/carbon composite electrode for reversible lithium insertion

Nano silicon for lithium-ion batteries

The Mg{sup 2+} insertion into layered vanadium bronzes, MeV{sub 3}O{sub 8}(H{sub 2}O){sub y} (Me = Li, Na, K, Ca{sub 0.5}, and Mg{sub 0.5}), has been studied with regard to their use as positive electrodes of magnesium ion transfer batteries. In acetonitrile-based electrolytes maximum specific charges of {approximately} 200 Ah/kg were measured but the charge decreases rapidly with the increasing cycle number. A salt melt (liquid at room temperature) based on MgCl{sub 2}, AlCl{sub 3}, and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, offers an interesting alternative to common aprotic electrolytes. It is possible to insert Mg{sup 2+} electrochemically from the salt melt into the bronzes. The behavior of all bronzes is similar in this electrolyte with the exception of the first few cycles. Steady state is reached after about five cycles, and a reversible insertion and expulsion of Mg{sup 2+} is observed for all bronzes. Specific charges of up to 150 Ah/kg for Mg{sup 2+} insertion were measured in the first cycle, and > 80 Ah/kg can be utilized during 60 deep cycles. Variations in the content of bound lattice water in the bronzes are responsible for a difference in the electrochemical properties of the same starting material dried at different temperatures. The presence ofmore » this water seems to be essential. Unfortunately, the lattice water is removed during cycling.« less

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1149/1.2050051/pdf

Electrochemical Insertion of Magnesium into Hydrated Vanadium Bronzes

An in situ Raman study of the intercalation of supercapacitor-type electrolyte into microcrystalline graphite

Polyaniline (PANI) electrodes with redox capacities >1 C/cm2 were investigated by in situ electrogravimetry in aqueous electrolytes of pH values varying from <0 to 3 and in nonaqueous, propylene carbonate‐based media. Film mass, volume, and bulk density were determined in situ as a function of electrode potential. For aqueous electrolytes, the gravimetric analysis supports a charge‐transfer mechanism which depends on pH and involves the exchange of protons, electrolyte anions, and . Protonation equilibria of reduced PANI were monitored gravimetrically in aqueous , , and. In nonaqueous electrolytes, however, the main charge‐compensating process appears to be reversible insertion of anions. For carbonate solutions, it was shown that up to 0.9 electrons can be transferred per aniline unit, resulting in experimental charge densities of 270 Ah/kg, based on dried reduced PANI. Upon immersion and cycling in nonaqueous electrolytes, the practically usable charge density was lowered to 160 Ah/kg due to sorption of solvent and incomplete oxidation. Based on in situ gravimetry, a detailed analysis of mass and volume requirements for electroactive material and electrolyte in rechargeable PANI batteries (e.g., Li/PANI) was derived.

In Situ Determination of Gravimetric and Volumetric Charge Densities of Battery Electrodes Polyaniline in Aqueous and Nonaqueous Electrolytes

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