In transparent orthographies like German, isolated learning disabilities in either reading or spelling are common and occur as often as a combined reading and spelling disability. However, most issues surrounding the cognitive causes of these isolated or combined literacy difficulties are yet unresolved. Recently, working memory dysfunctions have been demonstrated to be promising in explaining the emergence of literacy difficulties. Thus, we applied a 2 (reading disability: yes vs. no) × 2 (spelling disability: yes vs. no) factorial design to examine distinct and overlapping working memory profiles associated with learning disabilities in reading versus spelling. Working memory was assessed in 204 third graders, and multivariate analyses of variance were conducted for each working memory component. Children with spelling disability suffered from more pronounced phonological loop impairments than those with reading disability. In contrast, domain-general central-executive dysfunctions were solely associated with reading disability, but not with spelling disability. Concerning the visuospatial sketchpad, no impairments were found. In sum, children with reading disability and those with spelling disability seem to be characterized by different working memory profiles. Thus, it is important to take both reading and spelling into account when investigating cognitive factors of literacy difficulties in transparent orthographies.

/pdf/working-memory-in-children-with-learning-disabilities-in-58njwh2nen.pdf

Working Memory in Children With Learning Disabilities in Reading Versus Spelling: Searching for Overlapping and Specific Cognitive Factors

The purpose of this study was to identify the predictors of compliance shown by adolescents with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA). Three hundred individuals aged 13-17 years were randomly selected from the Finnish Social Insurance Institution's register. The questionnaires were sent to the adolescents selected from the register to be returned directly to the researcher in a self-addressed envelope. Ninety-one per cent (n = 274) returned the questionnaire. Logistic regression was used to find the factors that predicted compliance with health regimens. The compliance of adolescents with JRA was predicted on the basis of motivation, fear of acute problems, support from nurses, energy and willpower, and threat to social well-being. The most powerful predictor was motivation. The likelihood of the adolescents who had good motivation to comply with health regimens was 29.13-fold compared to the adolescents who did not have good motivation. The next powerful predictor was fear of acute problems. The adolescents who felt fear of acute problems complied with health regimens with a 20.35-fold likelihood compared to the adolescents who did not have fears. The third powerful predictor was support from nurses. The likelihood of adolescents supported by nurse to comply with health regimens was 17.03-fold compared to the adolescents who did not receive support from nurses. The likelihood of adolescents who had energy and willpower to comply with health regimens was 7.56-fold compared to the adolescents who did not have energy and willpower. Also, the threat to social well-being predicted good compliance.

Motivation as a crucial predictor of good compliance in adolescents with rheumatoid arthritis

In Deutschlund ist der Sachunterricht in der Grundschule das Schulfach, in dem naturwissenschaftliche Bildung “grundgelegt” werden soll. Allerdings umfasst der Sachunterricht neben dem naturwissenschaftlichen Lernbereich noch ein weites Spektrum an Sachfeldern aus den Bereichen der Geographie, Geschichte, Sozialwissenschaften und Technik, das ebenso berucksichtigt werden muss. Obwohl sich der Sachunterricht nicht als ein Additivum aus verschiedenen Sachfachern versteht, finden die Belange der Sachfacher Berucksichtigung im Sachunterricht. Der kurzlich erschienene Perspektivrahmen Sachunterricht, der von der Gesellschaft fur Didaktik des Sachunterrichts (GDSU) veroffentlicht wurde, nimmt hierzu klar Stellung: “Die spezielle Aufgabe des Sachunterrichts ist es, Schulerinnen und Schulern dabei zu helfen, sich die naturliche, soziale und technisch gestaltete Umwelt bildungswirksam zu erschliesen und dabei auch Grundlagen fur den Fachunterricht an weiterfuhrenden Schulen zu legen” (GDSU 2002, 2). Ein auf diese Weise begrundeter Sachunterricht soll sicherstellen, dass Grundschulunterricht ein relevantes und anschlussfahiges Wissen fur weiterfuhrendes Lernen bereitstellt, das Erlernte aber auch von den Kindern als sinnvoll und erschliesend erlebt werden kann (Stern, Moller i.D.).

Naturwissenschaftliches Lernen in der Grundschule — Welche Kompetenzen brauchen Grundschullehrkräfte?

The mathematical situations of play and exploration introduced here have been developed as an empirical research instrument for the longitudinal study “erStMaL” (early Steps in Mathematics Learning). They are designed as situations that allow children and a guiding adult to construct situation-related knowledge in common dialogue processes and in mutual conditions. In addition, the situations focus on the activity of the persons involved, as well as the meaning of artefacts as objects of different cultural worlds. Besides relevant theoretical aspects for the development of the mathematical situations of play and exploration, exemplary analyses are introduced to clarify the conceptual aims.

Mathematical situations of play and exploration

Children’s spiritual development is influenced by those with whom they interact and by the world around them. An important context for young children is the kindergarten, which has a high l...

Developing spirituality – an equal right of every child?


Aus der Reihe utb-basics
Die Entwicklungspsychologie gehört zu den grundlegenden Fächern im Psychologiestudium. 
Dieses Lehrbuch gibt Studienanfängern einen ausgewogenen Einblick in Theorien, Methoden und Forschungsergebnisse der Entwicklungspsychologie – von der frühen Kindheit bis ins späte Erwachsenenalter.
Entwicklungsvoraussetzungen und -bedingungen werden eingehend anhand der Funktionen Wahrnehmung, Denken, Problemlösen, Gedächtnis, Bindung, soziale Entwicklung u. a. diskutiert. 
Unerlässlicher Lesestoff zur Prüfungsvorbereitung!

Entwicklungspsychologie: Eine Einführung in die Erklärung menschlicher Entwicklung

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Entwicklungspsychologie: Eine Einführung in die Erklärung menschlicher Entwicklung