Coordinated interactions between the central and autonomic nervous systems are crucial for survival due to the inherent propensity for human behavior to make errors. In our ever-changing environment, when individuals make mistakes, these errors can have life-threatening consequences. In response to errors, specific reactions occur in both brain activity and heart rate to detect and correct errors. Specifically, there are two brain-related indicators of error detection and awareness known as error-related negativity and error positivity. Conversely, error-related cardiac deceleration denotes a momentary slowing of heart rate following an error, signaling an autonomic response. However, what is the connection between the brain and the heart during error processing? In this review, we discuss the functional and neuroanatomical connections between the brain and heart markers of error processing, exploring the experimental conditions in which they covary. Given the current limitations of available data, future research will continue to investigate the neurobiological factors governing the brain-heart interaction, aiming to utilize them as combined markers for assessing cognitive control in healthy and pathological conditions. 

Error-related cardiac deceleration: Functional interplay between error-related brain activity and autonomic nervous system in performance monitoring

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.113869

Cardiovascular reactivity during sadness induction predicts inhibitory control performance

In the aftermath of the COVID-19 lockdown, concerns about the impact of loneliness and reduced social interactions on mental health have arisen. This study explored the repercussions of post-lockdown social restrictions across psychological (loneliness, perceived stress, and depressive symptoms), biological (hair cortisol and cardiovascular activity), and cognitive dimensions (subjective memory complaints and working, declarative, and prospective memory), with a specific emphasis on perceived loneliness and the living situation. The study included 45 students: 23 (mean age = 25.69 years) in the Alone Group (AG), who experienced significant family changes and international relocation, and 22 (mean age = 25.50 years) in the Not Alone Group (NAG), who maintained their nuclear family and did not move from their home country. We assessed heart rate variability (HRV) before, during, and after immediate memory evaluations using time-domain (the square root of the mean, RMSSD) measures. The analysis revealed no significant group differences in telematic contact with family and friends, perceived stress, or depression. However, the AG participants reported fewer face-to-face interactions and greater perceived loneliness compared to the NAG. Additionally, the AG group exhibited slightly higher hair cortisol levels and worse working memory (WM) and prospective memory (PM) performance. Importantly, no significant associations were observed between memory outcomes and stress biomarkers. However, a significant interaction effect of loneliness in the relationship between hair cortisol levels and PM was found. That is, hair cortisol concentrations were negatively related to PM when participants perceived high and moderate loneliness. This interaction was absent in the working and declarative memory domains. In summary, these findings underscore the intricate interplay between loneliness, cortisol, and memory, emphasizing the need for comprehensive research on the complex mechanisms governing these multifaceted relationships. 

Loneliness during the Post-Confinement Period: The Significance of Social Living Conditions for Stress Biomarkers and Memory.

Патофізіологічні особливості взаємозв’язків між посттравматичним стресовим розладом (ПТСР) і метаболічнимсиндромом (МС) залишаються активною галуззю досліджень. Вплив травматичних життєвих подій має серйозні нега-тивні наслідки для функціонування фізіологічних систем, зокрема, ендокринної та вегетативної нервової системи (ВНС).Дисрегуляція ВНС може пов’язувати патофізіологічні та психологічні особливості ПТСР. Зокрема, порушення функціону-вання ВНС спостерігаються при різних психологічних розладах, зокрема ПТСР. Останнім часом значна увага приділяєть-ся пошуку і з’ясуванню особливостей взаємозв’язків між метаболічними дисфункціями та психічними розладами, зокре-ма ПТСР, який може становити групу ризику МС. ПТСР і МС можуть мати схожі біологічні механізми, що лежать в їх основі.Ймовірно, що зміни запальної та нейроендокринної систем пов’язані з ПТСР. Однак, незрозуміло, чи є ці зв’язки причин-но-наслідковими. Крім того, біологічні та поведінкові механізми, що лежать в основі цих асоціацій, недостатньо вивчені.Правдоподібною є гіпотеза, що дисфункціональна індивідуальна адаптація до стресу може підвищувати вразливість дометаболічних дисфункцій, які, своєю чергою, здатні сприяти виникненню психопатологічних змін у посттравматичнийперіод. Підхід до ПТСР і МС як до системних станів, що включають дисфункцію гіпоталамо-гіпофізарно-адреналової вісі(ГГАВ), хронічного запалення низької інтенсивності (ХЗНІ), інсулінової резистентності (ІР), симпато-адреналової системи,інших метаболічних порушень і зміни ВНС, а також значний психологічний тягар, має важливі наслідки з точки зору ме-дичних проблем та прогнозу захворювання. Необхідні подальші дослідження для тестування нових методів діагностики,спрямованих на нейроендокринну та імуно-метаболічну системи. Цей огляд має на меті обговорити значення й осо-бливості ПТСР і МС. Особлива увага приділена опису наявних доказів епідеміологічних, експериментальних і клінічнихвипробувань щодо їх взаємозв’язків. Розглянуті питання спільних патогенетичних ланок ПТСР і МС, зокрема, значенняпорушень функціонування ГГАВ, ХЗНІ, ІР, симпато-адреналової системи та ВНС.

Пос ттравматичний стресовий розлад, метаболічний синдром і вег етативна нервова система

Abstract It has been reported that individuals with internet gaming disorder (IGD) display abnormal autonomic activities at rest and during gameplay. To further understand in-game changes of autonomic activity and how they are modulated by behavioral performance and human characteristics of the player, heart rate variability (HRV) was measured in 42 male university student habitual players (HPs) when they played a round of League of Legends game naturalistically. Various HRV indices derived from heart rate recording in the whole game (WG) were correlated with in-game performance and gaming-related personal attribute parameters, including ranking score, hours of weekly playing and revised Chen Internet addiction scale (CIAS-R) of the player. It was observed that HRV indicators of sympathetic activity correlated with the number of Slain in WG (N slain ). In comparison, HRV indicators of parasympathetic/vagal activity correlated not only with N slain , but also with ranking score and CIAS-R. HRV indices representing autonomic balance were found to be predicted by CIAS-R only, regardless of in-game performance. In-game HRV/autonomic activities largely remained stable across different phases of gameplay. However, the individuals at high risk of developing IGD (i.e., CIAS-R&gt;63) showed augmented sympathetic activation in the early and late phases, indicating that IGD-related autonomic dysregulation may have arisen from and reflected the complex interactions between the personal attributes of the player and situational factors embedded in game mechanics. 

In-game Heart Rate Variability in Habitual University Student League of Legends Players: Correlations with In-game Performance, Game Rank and Internet Addiction Scale

Background Heart rate variability (HRV), a cardiac vagal tone indicator, has been proven to predict performance on some cognitive tasks that rely on the prefrontal cortex. However, the relationship between vagal tone and working memory remains understudied. This study explores the link between vagal tone and working memory function, combined with behavioral tasks and functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Methods A total of 42 undergraduate students were tested for 5-min resting-state HRV to obtain the root mean square of successive differences (rMSSD) data, and then divided into high and low vagal tone groups according to the median of rMSSD data. The two groups underwent the n-back test, and fNIRS was used to measure the neural activity in the test state. ANOVA and the independent sample t-test were performed to compare group mean differences, and the Pearson correlation coefficient was used for correlation analysis. Results The high vagal tone group had a shorter reaction time, higher accuracy, lower inverse efficiency score, and lower oxy-Hb concentration in the bilateral prefrontal cortex in the working memory tasks state. Furthermore, there were associations between behavioral performance, oxy-Hb concentration, and resting-state rMSSD. Conclusion Our findings suggest that high vagally mediated resting-state HRV is associated with working memory performance. High vagal tone means a higher efficiency of neural resources, beneficial to presenting a better working memory function.

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnins.2023.1119405/pdf

High vagally mediated resting-state heart rate variability is associated with superior working memory function

The impact of after-school soccer exercises on inhibitory control function in children aged 8-11: an fNIRS study.

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High vagally mediated resting-state heart rate variability is associated with superior working memory function

The impact of after-school soccer exercises on inhibitory control function in children aged 8-11: an fNIRS study.