Induced mutants of elongated uppermost internode (eui) were directly obtained after irradiation on maintainer (B) and restorer (R) lines of hybrid rice. CMS lines(A) with eui (referred to as eA), restorer lines with eui (referred to as eR) as well as hybrid rice with eui gene (referred to as e-hybrids)were developed. The results showed that the eui mutation frequency averaged 0.10‰ at a range of 0.02‰- 0.47‰ varying with applied dosage and mutated materials. Genetic diversities of eui stock, and a new eui gene, temporarily designated as eui2(t), was identified. eA lines have a significantly elongated uppermost internode causing better panicle exsertion and possessing higher outcrossing potential, e-hybrids increased plant height by 3 -10 cm and headed 2-3 days earlier, as well as showed greater grain weight resulting in higher yield potential than that of corresponding original hybrids. The technology systems without GA3, a few of using GA3 in hybrid rice seed production, and the establishment of e-hybrid rice breeding system were also discussed in this paper.

Breeding Technology of eui-hybrids of Rice

The panicle exsertion length (PEL) in rice (Oryza sativa L.) is an important trait for hybrid seed production. We investigated the PEL in a chromosome segment substitution line (CSSL) population consisting of 66 lines and a natural population composed of 540 varieties. In the CSSL population, a total of 7 QTLs for PEL were detected across two environments. The percentage of phenotypic variance explained (PVE) ranged from 10.22% to 50.18%, and the additive effect ranged from -1.77 cm to 6.47 cm. Among the 7 QTLs, qPEL10.2 had the largest PVE, 44.05% and 50.18%, with an additive effect of 5.91 cm and 6.47 cm in 2015 and in 2016, respectively. In the natural population, thirteen SSR marker loci were detected that were associated with PEL in all 4 environments, with the PVE ranging from 1.20% to 6.26%. Among the 13 loci, seven were novel. The RM5746-170 bp allele had the largest phenotypic effect (5.11 cm), and the typical carrier variety was Qiaobinghuang. An RM5620-RM6100 region harboring the EUI2 locus on chromosome 10 was detected in both populations. The sequencing results showed that the accessions with a shorter PEL contained the A base, while the accessions with a longer PEL contained the G base at the 1475 bp location of the EUI2 gene.

/pdf/favorable-marker-alleles-for-panicle-exsertion-length-in-lbq0p6emca.pdf

Favorable Marker Alleles for Panicle Exsertion Length in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Mined by Association Mapping and the RSTEP-LRT Method.

The uppermost internode is one of the fastest elongating organs in rice, and is expected to require an adequate supply of cell-wall materials and enzymes to the cell surface to enhance mechanical strength. Although it has been reported that the phenotype of shortened uppermost internode 1 (sui1) is caused by mutations in PHOSPHATIDYLSERINE SYNTHASE (OsPSS), the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Here we show that the OsPSS-1, as a gene expressed predominantly in elongating cells, regulates post-Golgi vesicle secretion to intercellular spaces. Mutation of OsPSS-1 leads to compromised delivery of CESA4 and secGFP towards the cell surface, resulting in weakened intercellular adhesion and disorganized cell arrangement in parenchyma. The phenotype of sui1-4 is caused largely by the reduction in cellulose contents in the whole plant and detrimental delivery of pectins in the uppermost internode. We found that OsPSS-1 and its potential product PS (phosphatidylserine) localized to organelles associated with exocytosis. These results together suggest that OsPSS-1 plays a potential role in mediating cell expansion by regulating secretion of cell wall components.

/pdf/phosphatidylserine-synthase-controls-cell-elongation-33rozhy5xs.pdf

Phosphatidylserine Synthase Controls Cell Elongation Especially in the Uppermost Internode in Rice by Regulation of Exocytosis.

Sheathed Panicle Phenotype (cv. Sathi) Maintains Normal Spikelet Fertility and Grain Filling under Prolonged Heat Stress in Rice

The elongation and development of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) stem play an important role in plant architecture. The shortened stem would result in a sheathed spike and a low yield in crops. Unraveling the molecular mechanisms underlying a sheathed spike would be beneficial for plant architecture and yield improvement. We identified a novel gene, TaWUS-like (WUSCHEL-related homeobox-like), which regulated sheathed spike and plant architecture in wheat. The plant height of overexpression transgenic lines was significantly decreased and the spike was not completely elongated and enclosed in flag leaf sheaths. Moreover, the increase in tiller angle resulted in loose plant architecture and lower yield. The statistical and cytological analysis demonstrated that the length of the uppermost and secondary internode was significantly shortened, especially the uppermost internode which was only half the length of the wild-type. The size of parenchyma cells was obviously reduced and cell length on the longitudinal section was elongated insufficiently compared with wild-type. The analysis of hormone content showed that there was a lack of gibberellin A 3 (GA3) in internodes but a higher brassinosteroid (BR) content. TaWUS-like may inhibit the synthesis of GA3 and/or BR, thus affecting the function of signal transduction of these hormones, which further caused stem shortening and plant dwarfing in wheat.

/pdf/a-sheathed-spike-gene-tawus-like-inhibits-stem-elongation-in-vwda6a5p06.pdf

A Sheathed Spike Gene, TaWUS-like Inhibits Stem Elongation in Common Wheat by Regulating Hormone Levels

The phenomenon of panicle enclosure in rice is mainly caused by the shortening of uppermost internode. Elucidating the molecular mechanism of panicle enclosure will be helpful for solving the problem of panicle enclosure in male sterile lines and creating new germplasms in rice. We acquired a monogenic recessive enclosed panicle mutant, named as esp2 (enclosed shorter panicle 2), from the tissue culture progeny of indica rice cultivar Minghui-86. In the mutant, panicles were entirely enclosed by flag leaf sheaths and the uppermost internode was almost completely degenerated, but the other internodes did not have obvious changes in length. Genetic analysis indicated that the mutant phenotype was controlled by a recessive gene, which could be steadily inherited and was not affected by genetic background. Apparently, ESP2 is a key gene for the development of uppermost internode in rice. Using an F2 population of a cross between esp2 and a japonica rice cultivar Xiushui-13 as well as SSR and InDel markers, we fine mapped ESP2 to a 14-kb region on the end of the short arm of chromosome 1. According to the rice genome sequence annotation, only one intact gene exists in this region, namely, a putative phosphatidylserine synthase gene. Sequencing analysis on the mutant and the wild type indicated that this gene was inserted by a 5287-bp retrotransposon sequence. Hence, we took this gene as a candidate of ESP2. The results of this study will facilitate the cloning and functional analysis of ESP2 gene.

/pdf/genetic-analysis-and-fine-mapping-of-an-enclosed-panicle-kxruqmr3j5.pdf

Genetic analysis and fine mapping of an enclosed panicle mutant esp2 in rice ( Oryza sativa L.)

The invention belongs to the technical field of plant genetic engineering, and discloses a control gene CSP1 of rice panicle pedicel (first internode from top) length and applications thereof. The invention particularly relates to positioning, clone, function verification, and applications of the gene for controlling rice panicle pedicel length. The nucleotide sequence of the CSP1 gene is shown in sequence table SEQIDNO. 1, and a coded amino acid sequence is shown in sequence table SEQIDNO. 2. CSP1 has no obvious influence on the nutrition growth of rice or the development of panicles, and mainly controls the growth and development of rice panicle pedicels. The expression level of the gene in rice panicle pedicels is adjusted on purpose by genetic engineering technology, and thus the growth and development of rice panicle pedicels can be regulated and controlled; the panicle enclosure problem of sterile lines during hybrid rice seed production is solved; the yield and quality of hybrid rice seeds are improved; the cost is reduced; and environment pollution caused by the application of plant exogenous hormones is reduced. Therefore, the gene has quite important application value and wide application prospects.

Control gene of rice panicle pedicel length and application thereof

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Genetic analysis and fine mapping of an enclosed panicle mutant esp2 in rice ( Oryza sativa L.)

Control gene of rice panicle pedicel length and application thereof