A high sensitivity optical fiber gas pressure sensor based on the enhanced Vernier effect is proposed. The sensor is composed of a fiber Fabry-Perot interferometer (FPI) and Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI). Since the interference fringes of FPI and MZI drift in the opposite direction with the change of gas pressure, when their free spectral ranges are similar, the enhanced Vernier effect is formed after their cascading. Compared with the traditional Vernier effect gas pressure sensor, the enhanced Vernier effect gas pressure sensor realizes much higher sensitivity gas pressure measurement without complex manufacturing process or desensitized reference interferometer. The experimental results show that the sensitivity of the enhanced Vernier effect sensor is 241.87 nm/MPa. In the two traditional Vernier effect gas pressure sensors formed by cascading FPI and MZI, the sensitivity of sensor is 63.02 nm/MPa and 171.26 nm/MPa, respectively. Compared with the two traditional Vernier effect sensors, the sensitivity of the enhanced Vernier effect sensor is increased by 3.8 times and 1.4 times, respectively. The proposed sensor also has the advantages of good repeatability and stability, fast response, low cost and easy manufacture. Our structure also provides a new design scheme for a high sensitivity optical fiber gas pressure sensor.

Highly sensitive gas pressure sensor based on the enhanced Vernier effect through a cascaded Fabry-Perot and Mach-Zehnder interferometer.

An ultra-sensitive sensor, based on two Fabry-Perot interferometers (FPIs), has been realized for temperature and pressure sensing. A polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-based FPI1 was used as a sensing cavity, and a closed capillary-based FPI2 was used as a reference cavity for its insensitivity to both temperature and pressure. The two FPIs were connected in series to obtain a cascaded FPIs sensor, showing a clear spectral envelope. The temperature and pressure sensitivities of the proposed sensor reach up to 16.51 nm/°C and 100.18 nm/MPa, which are 25.4 and 21.6 times, respectively, larger than these of the PDMS-based FPI1, showing a great Vernier effect.

Ultra-sensitive temperature and pressure sensor based on PDMS-based FPI and Vernier effect.

A compact fiber-optic temperature sensor with hybrid interferometers enhanced by the harmonic Vernier effect was proposed, which realized 36.9 times sensitization of the sensing Fabry-Perot interferometer (FPI). The hybrid interferometers configuration of the sensor consists of a FPI and a Michelson interferometer. The proposed sensor is fabricated by splicing the hole-assisted suspended-core fiber (HASCF) to the multi-mode fiber fused with the single-mode fiber, and filling polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) into the air hole of HASCF. The high thermal expansion coefficient of PDMS improves the temperature sensitivity of the FPI. The harmonic Vernier effect eliminates the limitation of the free spectral range on the magnification factor by detecting the intersection response of internal envelopes, and realizes the secondary sensitization of the traditional Vernier effect. Combing the characteristics of HASCF, PDMS, and first-order harmonic Vernier effect, the sensor exhibits a high detection sensitivity of -19.22 nm/°C. The proposed sensor provides not only a design scheme for compact fiber-optic sensors, but also a new strategy to enhance the optical Vernier effect.

Highly sensitive fiber-optic temperature sensor with compact hybrid interferometers enhanced by the harmonic Vernier effect.

An ultra-high sensitivity optical fiber gas pressure sensor based on enhanced Vernier effect is proposed. The sensor consists of FPI1 and FPI2 in parallel. FPI1 is composed of single mode fiber, quartz capillary and polydimethylsiloxane film. FPI2 consists of single mode fiber, large inner-diameter capillary, and small inner-diameter capillary. Because FPI1 and FPI2 have different sensing mechanisms for gas pressure, the interference fringes of FPI1 and FPI2 drift in the opposite direction with the change of ambient gas pressure. When FPI1 and FPI2 with a similar free spectral range are connected in parallel, an enhanced Vernier effect is generated. Compared with the traditional Vernier effect gas pressure sensor, the enhanced Vernier effect gas pressure sensor realizes ultra-high sensitivity gas pressure measurement without increasing the difficulty of sensor manufacturing. The sensitivity of the enhanced Vernier effect gas pressure sensor is as high as 283.32 nm/MPa, which is about 1.7 times that of the traditional Vernier effect barometric sensor (170.03 nm/MPa). In addition, the sensor has the advantages of good repeatability and stability, low cost, small temperature cross-sensitivity and easy manufacture. The sensor structure designed provides a new design idea and scheme for the ultra-high sensitivity optical fiber gas pressure sensor. 

Ultrasensitive gas pressure sensor based on two parallel Fabry-Perot interferometers and enhanced Vernier effect

A kind of temperature and magnetic field sensor using Fabry-Perot interferometers (FPIs) and Vernier effect to enhance sensitivity is proposed. The sensor structure involves filling the FP air cavities with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and magnetic fluid (MF) to create the PDMS and MF cavities for temperature and magnetic field detection, respectively. The two cavities are reflective structures, which are interconnected in series through a fiber-optic circulator. Experimental data demonstrates that the Vernier effect effectively enhances the sensor sensitivity. The average temperature sensitivity of the sensor is 26765 pm/°C within the range of 35∼39.5°C. The magnetic field intensity sensitivity is obtained to be -2245 pm/mT within the range of 3∼11 mT. The sensitivities of the temperature and magnetic field using the Vernier effect are about five times larger than those of the corresponding single FP cavity counterparts.

Enhanced sensitivity of temperature and magnetic field sensor based on FPIs with Vernier effect

Parallel-structured Fabry-Perot interferometers gas pressure sensor with ultraviolet glue sensitization based on dual Vernier effect

High-sensitive temperature sensor with parallel PDMS-filled FPIs based on dual Vernier effect

In this paper, a Tm:YAP all‐solid‐state continuous wave (CW) and passive Q‐switched (PQS) laser were experimentally proved by using a TaTe2‐based saturable absorber (SA) for the first time. Under the CW mode, the maximum output power was 4.99 W and the slope efficiency was 29.8%. Based on TaTe2 SA, the shortest pulse width of 585 ns at the central wavelength of 1987.9 nm was obtained with the pump power of 17.73 W, corresponding to single‐pulse energy of 9.7 µJ and an average output power of 1.86 W. Also, a pulse repetition frequency of 202.4 kHz was achieved in the PQS Tm:YAP laser when the pump power was 13.51 W.

Passive Q‐switched operation of Tm:YAP laser with a TaTe2 saturable absorber

For specific recognition and sensitive detection of triglycerides (TGs), an optical fiber sensor (OFS) based on an enhanced core diameter mismatch was proposed. The sensitivity of the sensor is significantly increased due to the repetitive excitation of the higher-order cladding modes. A technique for immobilizing lipase using covalent binding technology was presented and demonstrated by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The interference dip of the sensor was shifted due to TGs being hydrolyzed in the presence of lipase. The sensor shows an optimal response within 3 min and exhibits a high sensitivity of 0.9933 nm/(mg/ml) and a limit of detection of 0.0822 mg/ml in the concentration range 0–8 mg/ml at a temperature of 37 °C and a pH of 7.4. The response of the sensor to TGs concentration at different temperatures and pH was investigated. The reproducibility, reusability, and stability of the proposed sensor were tested and verified experimentally. The biosensor is highly specific for TGs and unaffected by many other interfering substances. Further, the measurement of TGs concentration at different temperatures was realized. This method provides a new way to detect TGs rapidly and reliably and has potential applications in medical research and clinical diagnosis. 

A highly sensitive optical fiber sensor enables rapid triglycerides-specific detection and measurement at different temperatures using convolutional neural networks.

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