Lethal diseases are the most common causes of death in the world that are mostly associated with nutritional imbalance and quality of life. However, the consumers' interest in nutraceutical-rich food, particularly vegetables and fruits, has been intensified by the relevance of nutrition in relation to human wellbeing. In this regard, berries are considered a rich source of human beneficiary phytochemicals, including phenolic acids, flavonoids, tannins, and stilbenes. The present review summarized the in vitro and in vitro biological properties of berries such as anti-Alzheimer, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, anti-neurodegenerative, and anti-cancerous presented in the last decade. Moreover, the physio-chemical properties of active ingredients of berries are discussed in the present review for better understanding. The evidences suggested that quinic acid, catechol, catechin, gallic acid, ellagic acid, anthocyanins, minerals, and few vitamins are the active ingredients of berries. These compounds possess many biological properties such as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory that could have preventive effects against cancer by inhibiting cell-proliferation, autophagy induction, and inducing apoptosis, anti-diabetes by inhibiting α-glucosidase, α-amylase, and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 expression, anti-Alzheimer's disease by reducing Aβ, BChE, AChE, and BACE-1 expression and nitrate generation. It concluded that berries extract showed remarkable results against different diseases. Still, some species should be studied more thoroughly for their biological activities.

A review of the bioactive ingredients of berries and their applications in curing diseases

Height from soil at the base of plant to the first pod (HFP) is an important trait for mechanical harvesting of legume crops. To minimise the loss of pods, the HFP must be higher than that of the blades of most combine harvesters. Here, we review the genetic control, morphology, and variability of HFP in legumes and attempt to unravel the diverse terminology for this trait in the literature. HFP is directly related to node number and internode length but through different mechanisms. The phenotypic diversity and heritability of HFP and their correlations with plant height are very high among studied legumes. Only a few publications describe a QTL analysis where candidate genes for HFP with confirmed gene expression have been mapped. They include major QTLs with eight candidate genes for HFP, which are involved in auxin transport and signal transduction in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] as well as MADS box gene SOC1 in Medicago trancatula, and BEBT or WD40 genes located nearby in the mapped QTL in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). There is no information available about simple and efficient markers associated with HFP, which can be used for marker-assisted selection for this trait in practical breeding, which is still required in the nearest future. To our best knowledge, this is the first review to focus on this significant challenge in legume-based cropping systems.

/pdf/height-to-first-pod-a-review-of-genetic-and-breeding-97hygg7m.pdf

Height to first pod: A review of genetic and breeding approaches to improve combine harvesting in legume crops

Mutation in the GA3ox gene governs short-internode characteristic in a korean cucumber inbred line

Melon yellow-green plant (Cmygp) encodes a Golden2-like transcription factor regulating chlorophyll synthesis and chloroplast development

Plant height is an important agronomic trait. Dwarf varieties present several advantages, such as lodging resistance, increased yield, and suitability for mechanized harvesting, which are crucial for crop improvement. However, limited research is available on dwarf tomato varieties suitable for production. In this study, we report a novel short internode mutant named “short internode and pedicel (sip)” in tomato, which exhibits marked internode and pedicel shortening due to suppressed cell elongation. This mutant plant has a compact plant structure and compact inflorescence, and has been demonstrated to produce more fruits, resulting in a higher harvest index. Genetic analysis revealed that this phenotype is controlled by a single recessive gene, SlSIP. BSA analysis and KASP genotyping indicated that ERECTA (ER) is the possible candidate gene for SlSIP, which encodes a leucine-rich receptor-like kinase. Additionally, we obtained an ER functional loss mutant using the CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing technology. The 401st base A of ER is substituted with T in sip, resulting in a change in the 134th amino acid from asparagine (N) to isoleucine (I). Molecular dynamics(MD) simulations showed that this mutation site is located in the extracellular LRR domain and alters nearby ionic bonds, leading to a change in the spatial structure of this site. Transcriptome analysis indicated that the genes that were differentially expressed between sip and wild-type (WT) plants were enriched in the gibberellin metabolic pathway. We found that GA3 and GA4 decreased in the sip mutant, and exogenous GA3 restored the sip to the height of the WT plant. These findings reveal that SlSIP in tomatoes regulates stem elongation by regulating gibberellin metabolism. These results provide new insights into the mechanisms of tomato dwarfing and germplasm resources for breeding dwarfing tomatoes.

Tomato short internodes and pedicels encode an LRR receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase ERECTA regulating stem elongation through modulating gibberellin metabolism

Plant height is one of the most important agronomic traits that directly determines plant architecture, and compact or dwarf plants can allow for increased planting density and land utilization as well as increased lodging resistance and economic yield. At least four dwarf/semidwarf genes have been identified in different melon varieties, but none of them have been cloned, and little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying internode elongation in melon. Here, we report map-based cloning and functional characterization of the first semidwarf gene short internode (Cmsi) in melon, which encodes an ERECTA-like receptor kinase regulating internode elongation. Spatial-temporal expression analyses revealed that CmSI exhibited high expression in the vascular bundle of the main stem during internode elongation. The expression level of CmSI was positively correlated with stem length in the different melon varieties examined. Ectopic expression of CmSI in Arabidopsis and cucumber suggested CmSI as a positive regulator of internode elongation in both species. Phytohormone quantitation and transcriptome analysis showed that the auxin content and the expression levels of a number of genes involved in the auxin signaling pathway were altered in the semidwarf mutant, including several well-known auxin transporters, such as members of the ABCB family and PIN-FORMED genes. A melon polar auxin transport protein CmPIN2 was identified by protein-protein interaction assay as physically interacting with CmSI to modulate auxin signaling. Thus, CmSI functions in an auxin-dependent regulatory pathway to control internode elongation in melon. Our findings revealed that the ERECTA family gene CmSI regulates stem elongation in melon through auxin signaling, which can directly affect polar auxin transport.

/pdf/melon-short-internode-cmsi-encodes-an-erecta-like-receptor-2igd70zw2k.pdf

Melon short internode (CmSi) encodes an ERECTA-like receptor kinase regulating stem elongation through auxin signaling.

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Melon short internode (CmSi) encodes an ERECTA-like receptor kinase regulating stem elongation through auxin signaling.