Erik Eriksen is a remarkable individual. He has no college degrees yet is Professor of Human Development at Harvard University. He came to psychology via art, which explains why the reader will find him painting contexts and backgrounds rather than stating dull facts and concepts. He has been a training psychoanalyst for many years as well as a perceptive observer of cultural and social settings and their effect on growing up. This is not just a book on childhood. It is a panorama of our society. Anxiety in young children, apathy in American Indians, confusion in veterans of war, and arrogance in young Nazis are scrutinized under the psychoanalytic magnifying glass. The material is well written and devoid of technical jargon. The theme of the volume is that it is human to have a long childhood which will leave a lifelong residue of emotional immaturity in man. Primitive groups and

Childhood and Society.

Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling (2nd ed.)

https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140-6736(02)09678-2.pdf

Childhood obesity: public-health crisis, common sense cure

Objective To develop a reliable and valid child and parent self- report instrument to screen children with anxiety disorders. Method An 85-item questionnaire was administered to 341 outpatient children and adolescents and 300 parents. Utilizing item analyses and factor analyses, the original scale was reduced to 38 items. A subsample of children ( n = 88) and parents ( n = 86) was retested an average of 5 weeks (4 days to 15 weeks) after the initial screening. Results The child and parent Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED) both yielded five factors: somatic/panic, general anxiety, separation anxiety, social phobia, and school phobia. For the total score and each of the five factors, both the child and parent SCARED demonstrated good internal consistency (α = .74 to .93), test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficients=.70 to .90), discriminative validity (both between anxiety and other disorders and within anxiety disorders), and moderate parent-child agreement ( r = .20 to .47, p Conclusions The SCARED shows promise as a screening instrument for anxiety disorders. Future studies using the SCARED in community samples are indicated.

The Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED): Scale Construction and Psychometric Characteristics

Discrepancies often exist among different informants' (e.g., parents, children, teachers) ratings of child psychopathology. Informant discrepancies have an impact on the assessment, classification, and treatment of childhood psychopathology. Empirical work has identified informant characteristics that may influence informant discrepancies. Limitations of previous work include inconsistent measurement of informant discrepancies and, perhaps most importantly, the absence of a theoretical framework to guide research. In this article, the authors present a theoretical framework (the Attribution Bias Context Model) to guide research and theory examining informant discrepancies in the clinic setting. Needed directions for future research and theory include theoretically driven attention to conceptualizing informant discrepancies across informant pairs (e.g., parent-teacher, mother-father, parent-child, teacher-child) as well as developing experimental approaches to decrease informant discrepancies in the clinic setting.

/pdf/informant-discrepancies-in-the-assessment-of-childhood-2jxtaajm7d.pdf

Informant discrepancies in the assessment of childhood psychopathology: a critical review, theoretical framework, and recommendations for further study.

School Refusal Assessment Scale

Avoidance is a hallmark feature of anxiety disorders, and avoidance-related impairment is often key to meeting diagnostic criteria. In children and adolescents with anxiety disorders, levels of avoidance vary considerably. Using a novel motion-tracking measure of avoidance behavior, we examined whether maternal acceptance, characterized by warm and accepting responses to child feelings and behaviors, moderates the association between fear of spiders and behavioral avoidance of spider stimuli in 103 clinically anxious children. As hypothesized, maternal acceptance significantly moderated children's avoidance behavior. Child's fear of spiders was significantly associated with behavioral avoidance when mothers were low in acceptance, as rated by either mothers or children. When mothers were high in acceptance, as rated by either mothers or children, child self-rated fear of spiders was not significantly associated with child avoidance. These are the first results to empirically demonstrate the moderating role of maternal acceptance in anxious children's avoidance behavior.

/pdf/maternal-acceptance-moderates-fear-ratings-and-avoidance-595zx6oknw.pdf

Maternal Acceptance Moderates Fear Ratings and Avoidance Behavior in Children

Attending to the Attentional Control Scale for Children: Confirming its factor structure and measurement invariance.

OBJECTIVE
Although cognitive behavioral treatments (CBTs) are well-established evidence-based interventions for anxiety disorders in youth, there is long-standing underrepresentation of Hispanic/Latino (H/L) families in youth anxiety clinical trials research. The impact of such underrepresentation is that clinicians who work with H/L youth have minimal evidence-based guidance on best practices. The present study moves toward informing best practices for working with H/L youth with anxiety disorders by examining H/L parents' acculturation and enculturation as moderators of youth anxiety outcomes following CBTs.


METHOD
Two hundred eleven H/L youths ages 6-16 (M = 9.41 years, SD = 2.39 years; 43.8% female) and their parents were assigned to individual-youth CBT or one of two parent involvement CBTs: one targeted decreasing parent psychological control, the other targeted decreasing parent use of negative reinforcement. Parent acculturation and enculturation were measured at pretreatment; youth anxiety severity was measured at pretreatment, posttreatment, and 12-month follow-up evaluations.


RESULTS
Youth anxiety outcomes were enhanced in both parent involvement CBTs compared with individual-youth CBT. Parent acculturation, but not enculturation, significantly moderated outcomes. At lower levels of parent acculturation, youth anxiety outcomes were enhanced in the parent involvement CBT that targeted negative reinforcement. At higher levels of parent acculturation, youth anxiety outcomes were enhanced in the parent involvement CBT that targeted psychological control.


CONCLUSIONS
These findings further support the efficacy of CBTs for anxiety disorders in H/L youth and suggest guidance for tailoring parent involvement treatments based on parent acculturation levels. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Parent involvement enhances CBTs for anxiety disorders in Hispanic/Latino youth: Acculturation as a moderator.

Methodological issues on the study of transgenerational effects of the holocaust: comment on Nadler, Kav-Venaki, and Gleitman.

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