Flow in porous media is studied at the pore-scale with lattice Boltzmann simulations on pore geometries reconstructed from computed microtomographic images. Pore scale results are analyzed to give quantities such as permeability, porosity and specific surface area at various scales and at various locations. With this, some fundamental issues such as scale dependency and medium variability can be assessed quantitatively. More specifically, the existence and size of the well known concept, representative elementary volume (REV), can be quantified. It is found that the size of an REV varies spatially and depends on the quantity being represented. For heterogeneous media, a better measure may be the so called “statistical REV”, which has weaker requirements than does the deterministic REV.

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/1999GL011101

Pore scale study of flow in porous media: Scale dependency, REV, and statistical REV

High resolution computed microtomography (CMT) using synchrotron X-ray sources provides the ability to obtain three-dimensional images of specimens with a spatial resolution on the order of micrometers. Microimaging capabilities at Brookhaven National Laboratory`s National Synchrotron Light Source have been enhanced to provide larger and higher resolution 3-D renderings of pore networks in reservoir rocks at a fraction of the time required in previous first generation scanning methods. Such data are used to model single and multiphase flow properties in digital images of real porous media. Pore networks are analyzed for tortuosity and connectivity measures, which have been elusive parameters in transport property models. We present examples of porosimetry simulation via network modeling to produce initial water saturation and residual oil distributions in a water-wet pore system. Furthermore, pore networks can provide the boundary condition framework for more rigorous simulations of displacement, such as in the lattice Boltzmann simulated waterflood example provided. Direct comparison between simulation and experiment is also possible. CMT images of a 6 mm subsection of a one inch diameter reservoir core sample were obtained prior and subsequent to flooding to residual oil. The fluid distributions from CMT, lattice Boltzmann waterflood simulation, and percolation-based network modeling were foundmore » to be highly correlated. Advances in 3-D visualization, implemented in Brookhaven National Laboratory`s 3-D theater, will allow even greater digestion and interpretation of phenomena dependent upon pore interconnectivity and multipore interactions.« less

Developments in Synchrotron X-Ray Microtomography with Applications to Flow in Porous Media

Image-based relative permeability upscaling from the pore scale

http://www.ged.rwth-aachen.de/Ww/people/yelena/papers/skl_adwr.pdf

Network Flow Modeling Via Lattice-Boltzmann Based Channel Conductance

Principal components analysis (PCA) of X-ray transmission tomography images made at several different energies can produce images that allow individual materials to be distinguished more clearly than in single-energy images. Computer simulations and tests on a five-band mineral data set demonstrate the application of PCA.

Principal components analysis of multienergy X-ray computed tomography of mineral samples

/pdf/toward-improved-prediction-of-reservoir-flow-performance-1r1uh37lgt.pdf

Toward Improved Prediction of Reservoir Flow Performance

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Toward Improved Prediction of Reservoir Flow Performance