This special issue of Environmental Science and Pollution Research highlights selected papers presented at the 46th congress of the French Group of Pesticide research (Groupe Français des Pesticides, GFP) that took place between the 15 and 17, May, 2016, in Bordeaux, France. GFP is a scientific society that was founded in 1977 by a group of scientists from several French academic institutions (Universities, INRA, CNRS...) to establish and maintain a broad consensus between research laboratories and promote any training or information on all scientific and technical aspects of pesticides (Chollet et al. 2014). Whether they are used as plant protection compounds or biocides, pesticides have disseminated into all environments and have yielded to a general pollution especially of the aquatic environment. Therefore, the objective of the 46th edition of the GFP congress was to gather information collected by the French scientific community and to have a critical discussion in agreement with the national BEcophyto 2^ program launched in 2015. During the 3 days of the congress, a total of 99 presentations (48 oral and 51 poster presentations) were grouped into five sections: & Diagnosis and environmental fate of pesticides: new analytical techniques, the use of chemical integrative samplers and other sampling techniques, results of pesticide survey in water, air, and soil as well as in aquatic fauna, sorption and biodisponibility, degradation... & Impact and risks: ecotoxicological approaches, endocrine disruptors, influence of pesticide cocktails, effects of pesticides on microorganism communities and on bees, transfer between environmental compartments and from the vineyard to the wine, monitoring of spray drift... & Human health: contamination of human population, assessment of health risk and precision agriculture, new insights into the regulation of themode of action of neonicotinoids... & Alternative methods and agroecology: reduction of doses through vectorization of pesticide molecules, microinjection of pesticides into trees, dimensioning of buffer strips, agroecology and alternatives in the production of Bordeaux wines... & Social and economic aspects of pesticide use: perception of pesticide contamination by urban populations, pesticides and psychology, sociocultural resistance to changes in pesticide use in vineyards...

/pdf/environmental-and-human-health-issues-related-to-pesticides-33ihnidd4t.pdf

Environmental and human health issues related to pesticides: from usage and environmental fate to impact

Grapevine trunk diseases (GTD) are currently one of the most devastating and challenging diseases in viticulture, leading to considerable yield losses and a remarkable decline in grapevine quality. The identification of the causal agents is the cornerstone of an efficient approach to fighting against fungal diseases in a sustainable, non-chemical manner. This review attempts to describe and expose the symptoms of each pathology related to GTD, the modes of transmission, and the harmfulness of recently reported agents. Special attention was given to new diagnostic tests and technologies, grapevine defense mechanisms, molecular mechanisms of endophytes fungal colonization, and management strategies used to control these threats. The present extended review is, therefore, an updated state-of-the-art report on the progress in the management of vineyards.

/pdf/a-panoramic-view-on-grapevine-trunk-diseases-threats-case-of-he4mo221.pdf

A Panoramic View on Grapevine Trunk Diseases Threats: Case of Eutypa Dieback, Botryosphaeria Dieback, and Esca Disease

Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN) are widely used as pesticide carriers to enhance their effective utilization, since it can promote the solubility and absorption of pesticides by plants. For plants, the particle size of pesticides influences their absorption and efficacy. Herein, is our research work of the size effect of MSN on the loading, release, and delivery behavior of pyraoxystrobin (Pyr) in cucumber plants. The well-ordered Pyr-loaded carbon quantum dots-MSN (Pyr@M) with sizes of 15, 100, and 200 nm were prepared. A comparative study among different particle sizes of Pyr@M was carried out on the aspects of control release performance, loading content, uptake, and transportation performance in cucumber plants. It was found that the loading content increased as the particle size increased. The nanoparticles as carriers increased the solubility of insoluble Pyr, but the nanoparticle size had no clear difference impact on the release rate. The efficiency of the cellular uptake strongly depended on the particle size. The smaller the MSN size, the easier it was to be absorbed and transmitted by cucumber plants. Compared to the free Pyr, the upward transportation rate of Pyr from Pyr@M in plant increased by 3.5 times. These findings provide new theoretical basis to design the MSN pesticide delivery system.

https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/11/2/575/pdf

Size Effect of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles on Pesticide Loading, Release, and Delivery in Cucumber Plants

Background Conjugating amino acid and glucose fragments with existing pesticide structures has been shown to be an effective way to introduce phloem mobility into non-phloem mobile species. However, the resulting derivatives always suffer from lower bioactivity compared with their parent compound. To solve this problem, we designed and synthesised a series of ester-capped amino-acid-conjugated chlorantraniliproles. Results The systemic test showed that all conjugates exhibited excellent phloem mobility and xylem mobility in a Ricinus communis model. In particular, compounds 7b, 8b and 8c were able to accumulate in phloem tissues in the form of their hydrolysis products, and the concentrations in phloem sap can reach 3 times the concentration in the incubation medium. Although their insecticidal activity (LC50 ) against the beet armyworm (Spodoptera exigua) in vitro was weaker than that of chlorantraniliprole, compounds 7b, 8b and 8c showed similar insecticidal activity in vivo against beet armyworm compared with the parent compound. Conclusions This work provides a potential strategy to obtain pesticide derivatives that possess both improved uptake and improved mobility in crops while retaining the in vivo insecticidal effect of the parent compound. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.

Novel amino acid ester-chlorantraniliprole conjugates: design, synthesis, phloem accumulation and bioactivity.

Fusarium wilt disease poses a serious threat to the global production of bananas. The targeted delivery of fungicides to banana phloem tissues may offer new hope for controlling this hard-to-treat vascular disease. In this study, fludioxonil (FLU)-loaded glycine methyl ester-conjugated polysuccinimide nanoparticles (PGA) were prepared with a loading efficiency (LE) of 27.9%. The obtained nanoparticles (FLU@PGA) exhibited pH-sensitive controlled release, specifically under an alkaline pH in plant phloem. In vivo experiments in potted bananas demonstrated that FLU@PGA can achieve the downward delivery of FLU to banana rhizomes and roots after foliar application, reducing disease severity by 50.4%. The phloem transport studies showed that the phloem loading of FLU@PGA was involved in an active transport mechanism at the organ level (castor bean seedlings). The observation of fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate cadaverine-labeled PGA nanocarriers showed that they could be absorbed by mesophyll cells and loaded into vascular tissues through the symplastic pathway. Furthermore, the interaction of FLU@PGA with the plant amino acid transporter AtLHT1 was observed to enhance transmembrane uptake at the cellular level (Xenopus oocytes). These results suggested that the phloem-targeted delivery of fungicide by transporter-mediated nanocarriers could be a promising new strategy for the management of Fusarium wilt in bananas.

Phloem Delivery of Fludioxonil by Plant Amino Acid Transporter-Mediated Polysuccinimide Nanocarriers for Controlling Fusarium Wilt in Banana.

Producing quality food in sufficient quantity while using less agrochemical inputs will be one of the great challenges of the twenty-first century. One way of achieving this goal is to greatly reduce the doses of plant protection compounds by improving the targeting of pests to eradicate. Therefore, we developed a vectorization strategy to confer phloem mobility to fenpiclonil, a contact fungicide from the phenylpyrrole family used as a model molecule. It consists in coupling the antifungal compound to an amino acid or a sugar, so that the resulting conjugates are handled by active nutrient transport systems. The method of click chemistry was used to synthesize three conjugates combining fenpiclonil to glucose or glutamic acid with a spacer containing a triazole ring. Systemicity tests with the Ricinus model have shown that the amino acid promoiety was clearly more favorable to phloem mobility than that of glucose. In addition, the transport of the amino acid conjugate is carrier mediated since the derivative of the L series was about five times more concentrated in the phloem sap than its counterpart of the D series. The systemicity of the L-derivative is pH dependent and almost completely inhibited by the protonophore carbonyl cyanide 3-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP). These data suggest that the phloem transport of the L-derivative is governed by a stereospecific amino acid carrier system energized by the proton motive force.

https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02165243/document

Vectorization of agrochemicals: amino acid carriers are more efficient than sugar carriers to translocate phenylpyrrole conjugates in the Ricinus system

BACKGROUND
Excessive agrochemical use poses significant threats to environmental safety and human health. Reducing pesticide use without reducing yield is necessary for sustainable agriculture. Therefore, we developed a vectorisation strategy to enhance agrochemical delivery through plant amino acid carriers.

RESULTS
In addition to a fenpiclonil conjugate recently described, three new amino acid conjugates were synthesised by coupling fenpiclonil to an l-α-amino acid. Phloem mobility of these conjugates, which exhibit different structures of the spacer arm introduced between fenpiclonil and the α-amino acid function, was studied using the Ricinus model. Conjugate L-14, which contains a triazole ring with the shortest amino acid chain, showed the best phloem systemicity among the four conjugates. By contrast, removing the triazole ring in the spacer arm did not improve systemicity. L-14 exhibited phloem systemicity at all reported pH values (pH values from 5.0 to 6.5) of the foliar apoplast, while acidic derivatives of fenpiclonil were translocated only at pH values near 5.0.

CONCLUSION
The conjugates were recognised by a pH-dependent transporter system and translocated at distance in the phloem. They exhibited a broader phloem systemicity than fenpiclonil acidic derivatives within the pH value range of the foliar apoplast. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry

/pdf/vectorisation-of-agrochemicals-via-amino-acid-carriers-4aavmd30i8.pdf

Vectorisation of agrochemicals via amino acid carriers: influence of the spacer arm structure on the phloem mobility of phenylpyrrole conjugates in the Ricinus system.

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Vectorization of agrochemicals: amino acid carriers are more efficient than sugar carriers to translocate phenylpyrrole conjugates in the Ricinus system

Vectorisation of agrochemicals via amino acid carriers: influence of the spacer arm structure on the phloem mobility of phenylpyrrole conjugates in the Ricinus system.