Titanium matrix composites (TMCs) offer high specific strength and stiffness compared with steel and nickel-base materials. High-temperature TMCs can offer up to 50% weight reduction relative to monolithic superalloys while maintaining equivalent strength and stiffness in jet engine propulsion systems. Regardless of the reinforcements are continuous fibres or discontinuous particulates, the unique properties of TMCs have thrust them to the forefront of extensive research and development programmes around the world. Even though TMCs are one of the most studied and sought-after material systems, useful information about their properties, fabrication methods and design is scattered in the literature. This review covers important research work that has led to the advances in TMCs material systems. It also provides comprehensive details about common reinforcements, manufacturing processes, and reviews static and dynamic properties of some common TMCs. The review also presents common industrial applications of TMCs and highlights the promising outlook of TMCs.

Titanium metal matrix composites: An overview

Improvement on mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of titanium-tantalum alloys in-situ fabricated via selective laser melting

A bi-metallic titanium-tantalum carbide MXene, TixTa(4-x)C3 is successfully prepared via etching of Al atoms from parent TixTa(4-x)AlC3 MAX phase for the first time. X-ray diffractometer and Raman spectroscopic analysis proved the crystalline phase evolution from the MAX phase to the lamellar MXene arrangements. Also, the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) study confirmed that the synthesized MXene is free from Al after hydro fluoric acid (HF) etching process as well as partial oxidation of Ti and Ta. Moreover, the FE-SEM and TEM characterizations demonstrate the exfoliation process tailored by the TixTa(4-x)C3 MXene after the Al atoms from its corresponding MAX TixTa(4-x)AlC3 phase, promoting its structural delamination with an expanded interlayer d-spacing, which can allow an effective reversible Li-ion storage. The lamellar TixTa(4-x)C3 MXene demonstrated a reversible specific discharge capacity of 459 mAhg-1 at an applied C-rate of 0.5 °C with a capacity retention of 97% over 200 cycles. An excellent electrochemical redox performance is attributed to the formation of a stable, promising bi-metallic MXene material, which stores Li-ions on the surface of its layers. Furthermore, the TixTa(4-x)C3 MXene anode demonstrate a high rate capability as a result of its good electron and Li-ion transport, suggesting that it is a promising candidate as Li-ion anode material.

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Double transition metal MXene (TixTa4-xC3) 2D materials as anodes for Li-ion batteries.

The simultaneous achievement of admirable mechanical compatibility and osteoinduction in metallic implants can avoid stress shielding and facilitate osseointegration and osteogenesis. Herein, we reported a titanium-tantalum (Ti-Ta) Gyroid scaffold in-situ fabricated with selective laser melting (SLM), a powder-bed-fusion three-dimensional (3D) printing process, enabling superb elastic admissible strain (EAS), bioactivity and in-situ bone regeneration capability. The printed scaffold with 90% porosity exhibited a good combination of low elastic modulus (1.8 GPa) and high compressive yield strength (55.5 MPa), resulting in a superb EAS (3.03%) that is suitable for the reconstruction of cancellous bone. The mechanisms of the high EAS were ascribed to the formation of β(Ti, Ta) solid solution, ultrafine β grains accompanying with nanocrystalline α' grains, and the existence of dislocations and stacking faults. Bone-like apatite was spontaneously induced on the surface of the printed Ti-Ta alloy due to the generation of self-passivating Ta2O5 film, indicating a good biomineralization ability. Compared to pure Ti, the printed Ti-Ta alloy exhibited enhanced expression of vinculin, earlier cell extension, increased nuclei density, better cell proliferation, and the up-regulated expression of osteogenesis genes. Animal studies further validated that the printed Ti-Ta scaffold was capable to reinforce bone integration and accelerate bone regeneration. These findings provided a promising strategy for treating bone defects through 3D printing of metallic scaffolds.

3D printing of a titanium-tantalum Gyroid scaffold with superb elastic admissible strain, bioactivity and in-situ bone regeneration capability

Synthesis of porous Ti–50Ta alloy by powder metallurgy

In this work, powder metallurgical (PM) Ti-Ta alloys were sintered using blended elemental powders. A dual structure, consisting of Ti-rich and Ta-rich zones, was formed due to the insufficient diffusion between Ti and Ta powders. The microstructure, mechanical properties and in vitro biological properties of the alloys were studied. Results indicated that the alloys have inhomogenous microstructures and compositions, but the grain structures were continuous from the Ti-rich zone to the Ta-rich zone. The Ta-rich zone exhibited a much finer grain size than the Ti-rich zone. The alloys had a high relative density in the range of 95-98%, with the porosity increasing with the content of Ta due to the increased difficulty in sintering and the formation of Kirkendall pores. The alloys had a good combination of low elastic modulus and high tensile strength. The strength of alloys was almost doubled compared to that of the ingot metallurgy alloys with the same compositions. The low elastic modulus was due to the residual pores and the alloying effect of Ta, while the high tensile strength resulted from the strengthening effects of solid solution, fine grain size and α phase. The alloys had a high biocompatibility due to the addition of Ta, and were suitable for the attachment of cells due to the surface porosity. It was also indicated that PM Ti-(20-30)Ta alloys are promising for biomedical applications after the evaluations of both the mechanical and the biological properties.

Synthesis of Ti-Ta alloys with dual structure by incomplete diffusion between elemental powders.

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Synthesis of Ti-Ta alloys with dual structure by incomplete diffusion between elemental powders.