Paper-based microfluidics is the branch of microfluidics involving devices made out of paper, or other porous membranes, that wick fluids by capillary action. Paper-based microfluidic devices have several advantages over conventional microfluidic devices including simpler fabrication, lower cost, easier disposal, and the ability to operate without pumps or other supporting equipment. The most common application of paper-based microfluidic devices is in the development of point-of-care (POC) diagnostic devices, which could eliminate the need for costly and time-consuming laboratory-based analytical procedures. This review provides an overview of current methods of fabricating paper-based microfluidic devices, examples of applications of these devices, a discussion of their current limitations, and an outlook on their future.

Paper-based microfluidics: Simplified fabrication and assay methods

Optical imaging is an indispensable tool in clinical diagnostics and fundamental biomedical research. Autofluorescence-free optical imaging, which eliminates real-time optical excitation to minimize background noise, enables clear visualization of biological architecture and physiopathological events deep within living subjects. Molecular probes especially developed for autofluorescence-free optical imaging have been proven to remarkably improve the imaging sensitivity, penetration depth, target specificity, and multiplexing capability. In this Review, we focus on the advancements of autofluorescence-free molecular probes through the lens of particular molecular or photophysical mechanisms that produce long-lasting luminescence after the cessation of light excitation. The versatile design strategies of these molecular probes are discussed along with a broad range of biological applications. Finally, challenges and perspectives are discussed to further advance the next-generation autofluorescence-free molecular probes for in vivo imaging and in vitro biosensors.

Molecular Probes for Autofluorescence-Free Optical Imaging.

Lateral flow assays (LFAs) are currently the most used point-of-care sensors for both diagnostic (e.g., pregnancy test, COVID-19 monitoring) and environmental (e.g., pesticides and bacterial monitoring) applications. Although the core of LFA technology was developed several decades ago, in recent years the integration of novel nanomaterials as signal transducers or receptor immobilization platforms has brought improved analytical capabilities. In this Review, we present how nanomaterial-based LFAs can address the inherent challenges of point-of-care (PoC) diagnostics such as sensitivity enhancement, lowering of detection limits, multiplexing, and quantification of analytes in complex samples. Specifically, we highlight the strategies that can synergistically solve the limitations of current LFAs and that have proven commercial feasibility. Finally, we discuss the barriers toward commercialization and the next generation of LFAs.

/pdf/toward-next-generation-lateral-flow-assays-integration-of-20wkvb6q.pdf

Toward Next Generation Lateral Flow Assays: Integration of Nanomaterials

Persistent luminescence phosphors are a novel group of promising luminescent materials with afterglow properties after the stoppage of excitation. In the past decade, persistent luminescence nanoparticles (PLNPs) with intriguing optical properties have attracted a wide range of attention in various areas. Especially in recent years, the development and applications in biomedical fields have been widely explored. Owing to the efficient elimination of the autofluorescence interferences from biotissues and the ultra-long near-infrared afterglow emission, many researches have focused on the manipulation of PLNPs in biosensing, cell tracking, bioimaging and cancer therapy. These achievements stimulated the growing interest in designing new types of PLNPs with desired superior characteristics and multiple functions. In this review, we summarize the works on synthesis methods, bioapplications, biomembrane modification and biosafety of PLNPs and highlight the recent advances in biosensing, imaging and imaging-guided therapy. We further discuss the new types of PLNPs as a newly emerged class of functional biomaterials for multiple applications. Finally, the remaining problems and challenges are discussed with suggestions and prospects for potential future directions in the biomedical applications.

/pdf/recent-advances-of-persistent-luminescence-nanoparticles-in-3po4parvjr.pdf

Recent Advances of Persistent Luminescence Nanoparticles in Bioapplications.

Recent Advances in Novel Lateral Flow Technologies for Detection of COVID-19.

Visual-afterglow dual-mode immunochromatographic strip for 17β-estradiol detection in milk.

NIR persistent luminescence nanoparticles based turn-on aptasensor for autofluorescence-free determination of 17β-estradiol in milk.

Lateral flow assay (LFA) is one of the most prevalent commercially available techniques for point-of-care tests due to its simplicity, celerity, low cost and robust operation. However, conventional colorimetric LFAs have inferior limits of detection (LODs) compared to sophisticated laboratory-based assays. Here, we report a simple strategy of test-zone pre-enrichment to improve the LOD of LFA by loading samples before the conjugate pad assembly. The developed method enables visual LODs of miR-210 mimic and human chorionic gonadotropin protein, to be improved by 10–100 fold compared with a conventional LFA setup without introducing any additional instrument and reagent except for phosphate running buffer, while no obvious difference occurred for Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). It takes about 6–8 min to enrich every 50 μL of sample diluted with phosphate running buffer, therefore we can get visual results within 20 min. We identified a parameter by modeling the entire process, the concentration of probe-analyte conjugate at test zone when signaling unit being loaded, to be important for the improvement of visual limit of detection. In addition, the test-zone pre-enrichment did not impair the selectivity when miR-210 mimic was adopted as target. Integrated with other optimization, amplification and modification of LFAs, the developed test-zone pre-enrichment method can be applied to further improve LOD of LFAs.

/pdf/improvement-in-detection-limit-for-lateral-flow-assay-of-nbdxmkmebr.pdf

Improvement in Detection Limit for Lateral Flow Assay of Biomacromolecules by Test-Zone Pre-enrichment

Dual-modal aptasensor for the detection of isocarbophos in vegetables.

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Visual-afterglow dual-mode immunochromatographic strip for 17β-estradiol detection in milk.

NIR persistent luminescence nanoparticles based turn-on aptasensor for autofluorescence-free determination of 17β-estradiol in milk.

Improvement in Detection Limit for Lateral Flow Assay of Biomacromolecules by Test-Zone Pre-enrichment

Dual-modal aptasensor for the detection of isocarbophos in vegetables.