Biodegradable conductive films are crucial for the sustainable development of wearable electronics. In this work, a flexible and degradable conductive film was prepared based on a carefully designed interface of polylactic acid (PLA) electrospun fibers and silver nanowires (AgNWs). The amphiphilic triblock copolymer was added to PLA solution for electrospinning, followed by solvent posttreatment to induce the hydrophilic block of the amphiphilic triblock copolymer to migrate to the fiber surface. Dopamine can be uniformly polymerized on the surface of hydrophilic PLA fibers, and the prepared PLA@PDA fiber film can form a good interface combination with AgNWs. The electrical conductivity of AgNWs/PLA@PDA flexible film can reach 258.5 S cm−1, showing obvious Joule heating effect and good mechanical properties. Degradation experiments showed that in phosphate buffered saline, the PLA molecular chain showed a dynamic equilibrium due to the scission and rearrangement of the ester groups and degraded slowly, while AgNWs/PLA@PDA degraded rapidly under alkaline conditions. Our study provides a simple and controllable method to prepare flexible degradable electronic films, which is expected to be applied to flexible wearable bioelectrodes.

Biodegradable flexible conductive film based on sliver nanowires and PLA electrospun fibers

The electrospinning technology has set off a tide and given rise to the attention of a widespread range of research territories, benefiting from the enhancement of nanofibers which made a spurt of progress. Nanofibers, continuously produced via electrospinning technology, have greater specific surface area and higher porosity and play a non-substitutable key role in many fields. Combined with the degradability and compatibility of the natural structure characteristics of polysaccharides, electrospun polysaccharide nanofiber membranes gradually infiltrate into the life field to help filter air contamination particles and water pollutants, treat wounds, keep food fresh, monitor electronic equipment, etc., thus improving the life quality. Compared with the evaluation of polysaccharide-based nanofiber membranes in a specific field, this paper comprehensively summarized the existing electrospinning technology and focused on the latest research progress about the application of polysaccharide-based nanofiber in different fields, represented by starch, chitosan, and cellulose. Finally, the benefits and defects of electrospun are discussed in brief, and the prospects for broadening the application of polysaccharide nanofiber membranes are presented for the glorious expectation dedicated to the progress of the eras. 

Electrospinning and electrospun polysaccharide-based nanofiber membranes: A review.

A nanofiber membrane is an ideal carrier for constructing a typical three-dimensional conductive network. Inspired by the biomimetic scale-like nanostructure, polysaccharide-based piezoresistive material with outstanding Joule heating performance, thermal efficiency, and high conductivity is developed, presenting a potential indicator material with the color shifting function for intelligent skin or soft robots in practical applications. The stable core-shell structure due to the in-situ polymerization of polypyrrole (PPy) on the electrospun nanofiber endows the piezoresistive sensor (s-PGG@PPy) with a broad pressure range (0.13–128.46 kPa), high sensitivity (52.42 kPa−1) and fast response time (26 ms). The free motion of π electrons along the nanofibers between carbon atoms perfectly made it an attractive candidate for real-time monitoring of human activities, including bending of fingers, wrist, knee, and facial expression. In addition, designing s-PGG@PPy is to be connected in parallel and composed of an indication function glove, which shows different brightness with finger pressure. Consequently, the reported piezoresistive sensor represents a potential for wearable bioelectronics. 

Biomimetic scale-like polysaccharide-based highly-sensitive piezoresistive sensor with “shell-core” nanostructure

In order to fabricate a novel antioxidant nanofiber facial mask, a metal cone modified in-situ electrospinning with precise deposition was employed by utilizing Enteromorpha prolifera polysaccharides (EPPs). The metal cone could control the deposition area to achieve precise fabrication of facial mask on skin. The EPPs exhibited remarkable antioxidant ability, as evidenced by the half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of 1.44 mg/mL and 0.74 mg/mL against DPPH and HO• free radicals, respectively. The antioxidant ability of the facial mask was improved by elevating the electrospinning voltage from 15 kV to 19 kV, due to the improved release capacity of EPPs by 7.09 %. Moreover, the facial mask demonstrated robust skin adhesion and moisture-retaining properties compared with commercial facial mask, which was benefited by the in-situ electrospinning technology. Furthermore, cytotoxicity assay, animal skin irritation test, and ocular irritation test collectively affirmed the safety of the facial mask. Thus, this research introduces a novel in situ electrospinning with precise deposition method and a natural antioxidant additive for preparing facial mask. 

In-situ electrospinning with precise deposition of antioxidant nanofiber facial mask loaded with Enteromorpha prolifera polysaccharides.

Biologically inspired peptide‐based materials, as novel charge transport materials, have gained increasing interest in bioelectronics due to their remarkable electrical properties and inherent biocompatibility. Extensive studies have shown that peptides can self‐assemble into a variety of hierarchical nanostructures with unique physical properties through supramolecular interactions. Therefore, peptide‐based materials hold great promise for applications in emerging electronic fields such as sensing, energy harvesting, energy storage, and electronic transmission. Herein, this work proposes a review article to summarize the rational design and research progress of peptide‐based materials and devices in bioelectronics. This work first introduces the design strategies and assembly mechanism for constructing high‐performance peptide‐based electronic materials and devices. In the following part, the applications of peptide‐based electronic materials and devices are systematically classified and discussed, including sensors, piezoelectric nanogenerators, electrodes, and semiconductors. Finally, the remaining challenges and future perspectives of peptide‐based bioelectronic materials and devices are presented. This work believes that this review will provide inspiration and guidance for the design and development of innovative peptide‐based smart materials in the field of bioelectronics.

Rational Design of Bio‐Inspired Peptide Electronic Materials toward Bionanotechnology: Strategies and Applications

The development of a natural polysaccharide-based nanofiber membrane to satisfy the requirements of slight, tenuous, and multi-performance is of great significance but still challenging. Herein, we exemplified a simple yet general strategy combining electrospinning to engineer conventional nanofiber membrane containing poly(vinyl alcohol), plant polysaccharide, and glycerol, scaling up visibility and keeping haze by soaking in deep eutectic solvent (DES) in the wake of noticeable variation of fiber morphology. The high optical haze (up to 92% at 550 nm) membrane with a great tensile stress of 2.5 MPa is a degradable and recyclable green material. The ultrathin membrane (0.1 mm) achieved health monitoring with a rapid response time of 2 s due to the conductivity of DES (choline chloride and urea). In addition, the DES fully expresses that not only the degradation of nanofiber membrane belongs to nature, but also urea could be utilized as fertilizer for heterogeneous soils and crops. 

Polysaccharides-based ultra-thin membrane with high haze, conductivity, and recyclability

Dual-site molecular heterogeneous catalysts for synthesizing polyolefin in-reactor blends have received increasing attention in academia and industry. It is hypothesized that the mesoscopic spatial distribution of different catalyst molecules in dual-site catalyst particles will have significant impacts on the superstructures and properties of polyolefin in-reactor blending products. It is difficult for typical heterogenization to tune the spatial distribution of different molecular catalyst components in the particles. In this contribution, a self-supporting strategy based on nickel-catalyzed precipitation coordination polymerization of a polar monomer was used to achieve not only heterogenization of the catalysts but also spatial distribution tuning of different catalytic components in the polymeric particles. These polymeric heterogeneous dual-site catalysts led to higher activities compared with homogeneous molecular catalysts. Moreover, they resulted in high molecular weights, good morphological control, and improved compatibility with polar materials. The composition and physical properties of the blend can be controlled by the molar ratio of the two catalytic components. Interestingly, it was shown that the different spatial distribution types can result in great differences in thermal, mechanical, and rheological properties and applications of the obtained blends. 

Dual-Site Polymeric Heterogeneous α-Diimine Ni Catalysts with Tailored Spatial Distribution for Ethylene Polymerization

Photoresponsive thiourea and urea catalysts for ring‐opening polymerization of L‐lactide

A Multifunctional Biomass Zinc Catalyst for Epoxy-Based Vitrimers and Composites

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Polysaccharides-based ultra-thin membrane with high haze, conductivity, and recyclability

Dual-Site Polymeric Heterogeneous α-Diimine Ni Catalysts with Tailored Spatial Distribution for Ethylene Polymerization

Photoresponsive thiourea and urea catalysts for ring‐opening polymerization of L‐lactide

A Multifunctional Biomass Zinc Catalyst for Epoxy-Based Vitrimers and Composites